This two-volume set, LNCS 13163-13164, constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Machine Learning, Optimization, and Data Science, LOD 2021, together with  the first edition of the Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, ACAIN 2021. The total of 86 full papers presented in this two-volume post-conference proceedings set was carefully reviewed and selected from 215 submissions. These research articles were written by leading scientists in the fields of machine learning, artificial intelligence, reinforcement learning, computational optimization, neuroscience, and data science presenting a substantial array of ideas, technologies, algorithms, methods, and applications.