This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 5th International Castle Meeting on Coding Theory and Applications, ICMCTA 2017, held in Vihula, Estonia, in August 2017. The 24 full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected for inclusion in this volume. The papers cover relevant research areas in modern coding theory, including codes and combinatorial structures, algebraic geometric codes, group codes, convolutional codes, network coding, other applications to communications, and applications of coding theory in cryptography.