Modern Geometry — Methods and Applications de R. G. Burns

Modern Geometry — Methods and Applications: Part I: The Geometry of Surfaces, Transformation Groups, and Fields: Graduate Texts in Mathematics, cartea 93

R. G. Burns

B.A. Dubrovin

A. T. Fomenko

S.P. Novikov

This is the first volume of a three-volume introduction to modern geometry, with emphasis on applications to other areas of mathematics and theoretical physics. Topics covered include tensors and their differential calculus, the calculus of variations in one and several dimensions, and geometric field theory. This material is explained in as simple and concrete a language as possible, in a terminology acceptable to physicists. The text for the second edition has been substantially revised.

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Cuprins

1 Geometry in Regions of a Space. Basic Concepts.- §1. Co-ordinate systems.- §2. Euclidean space.- §3. Riemannian and pseudo-Riemannian spaces.- §4. The simplest groups of transformations of Euclidean space.- §5. The Serret—Frenet formulae.- §6. Pseudo-Euclidean spaces.- 2 The Theory of Surfaces.- §7. Geometry on a surface in space.- §8. The second fundamental form.- §9. The metric on the sphere.- §10. Space-like surfaces in pseudo-Euclidean space.- §11. The language of complex numbers in geometry.- §12. Analytic functions.- §13. The conformal form of the metric on a surface.- §14. Transformation groups as surfaces in N-dimensional space.- §15. Conformal transformations of Euclidean and pseudo-Euclidean spaces of several dimensions.- 3 Tensors: The Algebraic Theory.- §16. Examples of tensors.- §17. The general definition of a tensor.- §18. Tensors of type (0, k).- §19. Tensors in Riemannian and pseudo-Riemannian spaces.- §20. The crystallographic groups and the finite subgroups of the rotation group of Euclidean 3-space. Examples of invariant tensors.- §21. Rank 2 tensors in pseudo-Euclidean space, and their eigenvalues.- §22. The behaviour of tensors under mappings.- §23. Vector fields.- §24. Lie algebras.- 4 The Differential Calculus of Tensors.- §25. The differential calculus of skew-symmetric tensors.- §26. Skew-symmetric tensors and the theory of integration.- §27. Differential forms on complex spaces.- §28. Covariant differentiation.- §29. Covariant differentiation and the metric.- §30. The curvature tensor.- 5 The Elements of the Calculus of Variations.- §31. One-dimensional variational problems.- §32. Conservation laws.- §33. Hamiltonian formalism.- §34. The geometrical theory of phase space.- §35. Lagrange surfaces.- §36.The second variation for the equation of the geodesics.- 6 The Calculus of Variations in Several Dimensions. Fields and Their Geometric Invariants.- §37. The simplest higher-dimensional variational problems.- §38. Examples of Lagrangians.- §39. The simplest concepts of the general theory of relativity.- §40. The spinor representations of the groups SO(3) and O(3, 1). Dirac’s equation and its properties.- §41. Covariant differentiation of fields with arbitrary symmetry.- §42. Examples of gauge-invariant functionals. Maxwell’s equations and the Yang—Mills equation. Functionals with identically zero variational derivative (characteristic classes).