This book presents a comprehensive review of recent advances in materials science research. The chapters included in this volume are conductive composites as versatile substrates for modeling of interfaces and sensors; the use of fiber reinforced polymers to improve load carrying capacity of damaged concrete; functionally graded materials in dentistry; electrochemical synthesis and characterization of electroactive copolymers deriving from five-ring with six-ring aromatic compounds and their perspectives for cost-effective optoelectronic applications; structural health monitoring of composite aircraft; semiconductor nanomaterials for water splitting; dendrimer and its role for the advancement of nanotechnology and bioengineering; parametric identification of nonlinear model of hydrogen thermal desorption from structural materials; testing 1D ternary photonic band gap material structure for use in temperature unstable environments; the effect of temperature variation on transmission properties of 1D photonic band gap material structure and random multilayer structure; and altering spectrum tuning capability, and temperature sensitivity in 1D ternary photonic band gap material structures.