Materials science encompasses four classes of materials, the study of each of which may be considered a separate field: metals, ceramics, polymers and composites. This volume gathers important research from around the globe in this dynamic field including research on amorphous calcium orthophosphates and their biomedical applications; hydroxyapatite synthesis and characterization; luminescent carbon nanomaterials; Ag/PDA composite nonlinear optical materials; activated carbons from wooden precursors; composite PVA hydrogels application in biomedicine; tailoring glass fibre sizings from the mechanical characterization of the fibers; degradation of composite materials by the effect of water; the microhardness of photoplymerization commercial composite of resin; and potassium catalyzed degradation of wood under nitrogen and air.