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Black Athena de Martin Bernal

Black Athena

Autor Martin Bernal
en Limba Engleză Paperback – 21 noi 1991

Descoperim aici o analiză riguroasă a fundamentelor lingvistice ale civilizației occidentale, în ceea ce reprezintă volumul final al trilogiei Black Athena. Ne-a atras atenția în mod deosebit modul în care Martin Bernal utilizează etimologia pentru a demonstra că aproximativ 40% din lexicul limbii grecești își are rădăcinile în limbi afro-asiatice, precum egipteana veche și semitica de vest. Autorul nu se limitează la termeni uzuali, ci extinde cercetarea asupra conceptelor fundamentale din politică, religie și filosofie, sugerând o dominanță culturală profundă exercitată de civilizațiile din Africa și Orientul Apropiat asupra populațiilor indo-europene.

Structura lucrării este una academică și metodică, debutând cu tabele cronologice și o secțiune dedicată foneticii și transcrierii, elemente esențiale pentru parcurgerea demonstrațiilor lingvistice ulterioare. Observăm o progresie clară de la fundamentele teoretice ale „Modelului Antic Revizuit” către studii de caz specifice, cum este analiza Cretei din perioada pre-palatinală. Cartea este comparabilă cu Black Athena Revisited de Mary R. Lefkowitz în rigoarea documentării, dar oferă o perspectivă opusă, fiind esențială pentru înțelegerea polemicilor actuale din studiile culturale.

În contextul operei sale, acest volum completează viziunea din Black Athena: The Fabrication of Ancient Greece, unde Bernal demonta construcția istoriografică europeană din secolele XVIII-XIX. Dacă primele volume se concentrau pe arheologie și documente istorice, lucrarea de față ancorează întreaga teză în realitatea concretă a limbajului, oferind închiderea necesară uneia dintre cele mai controversate serii din istoriografia modernă.

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Specificații

ISBN-13: 9780099887805
ISBN-10: 0099887800
Pagini: 608
Ilustrații: Illustrations, maps
Dimensiuni: 131 x 199 x 60 mm
Greutate: 0.45 kg
Editura: Vintage Publishing
Locul publicării:United Kingdom

De ce să citești această carte

Această lucrare este indispensabilă pentru studenții și cercetătorii din domeniile istoriei antice, lingvisticii și studiilor culturale. Cititorul câștigă o perspectivă nouă asupra originilor Europei, înțelegând cum influențele afro-asiatice au modelat gândirea greacă. Este o invitație la reevaluarea critică a istoriei civilizației occidentale, oferind argumente lingvistice solide care depășesc barierele eurocentrismului tradițional, fiind utilă oricui dorește să exploreze rădăcinile profunde ale filosofiei și religiei elene.

Despre autor

Martin Bernal a fost profesor emerit de guvernare și studii ale Orientului Apropiat la Universitatea Cornell. Cariera sa academică a fost marcată de o vastă deschidere interdisciplinară, trecând de la studiul istoriei intelectuale chineze la reevaluarea fundamentelor civilizației clasice. Lucrarea sa monumentală, Black Athena, a fost tradusă în numeroase limbi, inclusiv germană, italiană și franceză, generând dezbateri aprinse în mediul universitar global. Prin scrierile sale, precum Black Athena Writes Back, Bernal a rămas o voce centrală în dialogul despre rasismul sistemic în mediul academic și nevoia de a recunoaște contribuțiile Afro-Asiei la cultura mondială.

Descriere

A challenge to the whole basis of thinking on the subject of classical civilization. The author argues that it has its roots in Afroasiatic cultures, and that these influences have been systematically ignored, suppressed or denied since the 18th century.

Notă biografică

MARTIN BERNAL (1937-2013) was a British scholar of modern Chinese political history and a Professor of Government and Near Eastern Studies at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. His celebrated Black Athena trilogy is a controversial series which argues that Ancient Greek civilization and language are Eastern and Egyptian in origin.
 

Cuprins

\Preface and Acknowledgements                                                                                  
Transcription and Phonetics                                                                                         
Chronological Tables                                                                                                    
Introduction                                                                                                                  
Intrinsic reasons for preferring the Revised Ancient Model to the Aryan one            
Some theoretical considerations                                                                                   
A summary of the argument                                                                                         
Chapter I Crete before the palaces, 7000–2100 bc                                                       
The ‘diffusionist’ and ‘isolationist’ debate                                                                  
Crete before the 21st century bc                                                                                   
Cretan religion in the Early Bronze Age                                                                      
Conclusion                                                                                                                    
Chapter II Egypt’s influence on Boiotia and the
peloponnese in the 3rd millennium, I
The cultic, mythical and legendary evidence                                                               
Semelē and Alkmēnē                                                                                                    
Athena and Athens in Boiotia: The cults of Athena
Itōnia and Athena Alalkomena                                                                                     
Nēit, the controller of water                                                                                         
The battles between Nēit and Seth, Athena and Poseidon                                           
Poseidon / Seth                                                                                                             
Nēit / Athena and Nephthys / Erinys                                                                            
Herakles                                                                                                                        
Conclusion                                                                                                                    
Chapter III Egypt’s influence on Boiotia and the
peloponnese in the 3rd millennium, II
The archaeological evidence                                                                                        
Spartan archaeology: the tomb of Alkmēnē                                                                 
The tomb of Amphion and Zēthos                                                                               
The draining of the Kopais                                                                                           
Granaries                                                                                                                       
Irrigation and settlement in the Argolid                                                                       
Drainage and irrigation in Arkadia                                                                               
Parallels between Boiotian and Arkadian place names                                                
Social and political structures in Early Helladic Greece                                              
Other archaeological traces of Old Kingdom Egypt in
the Aegean                                                                                                                    
The end of Early Bronze Age ‘high’ civilization                                                          
Conclusion                                                                                                                    
Chapter IV The Old Palace Period in Crete and the
Egyptian Middle Kingdom, 2100 to 1730 bc                                                               
Early Minoan III – the Prepalatial Period                                                                    
Lead and spirals                                                                                                            
The Cretan palaces                                                                                                        
Crètan writing systems                                                                                                 
Cultic symbols in Early Palatial Crete                                                                         
Possible Anatolian origins of the bull cult                                                                   
Thunder and sex: Min, Pan and Bwäzä                                                                         
Min and Minos                                                                                                              
The case against Egyptian influence                                                                            
Mont and Rhadamanthys                                                                                              
The survival of the bull cult — Cretan conservatism                                                   
Conclusion                                                                                                                    
Chapter V Sesōstris, I
The archaeological and documentary evidence for the
Greek accounts of his conquest                                                                                    
The discovery of the Mit Rahina inscription                                                                
The significance of the inscription as evidence for an
Egyptian empire in Asia during the Middle Kingdom                                                 
Senwosre and Sesōstris                                                                                                 
The real and the fantastic in the Sesōstris stories                                          
Middle Kingdom Egypt’s military capability                                                               
The background                                                                                                            
Archaeological evidence for the campaigns                                                                 
Was Sesōstris the destroyer?                                                                                        
Sesōstris in Thrace and Scythia?                                                                                  
Sesōstris in Colchis?                                                                                                     
The evidence for Sesōstris’ ‘conquests’ from the Mit Rahina inscription                   
Conclusion                                                                                                                    
Chapter VI Sesōstris, II
The cultic, mythical and legendary evidence                                                               
The Egyptian tradition                                                                                                  
The traditions of the Levant and Anatolia
Thrace and Scythia
Colchis: an Egyptian colony?
Mesopotamia and Iran
The Greek legends of Memnōn and his conquests of Anatolia                                    
The case for an Egyptian conquest of Troy c. 1900 bc                                                
Sesōstris / Senwosre and Amenemḥ’s conquests:
a summary of the evidence                                                                                           
Chapter VII The Thera eruption: from the Aegean to China                                       
The controversy over dating                                                                                         
The eruption re-dated                                                                                                   
The implications of the re-dating                                                                                 
Thera and Kalliste                                                                                                         
Volcanic allusions in the Exodus story                                                                        
Membliaros and the pall of darkness                                                                            
The myth of Atlantis                                                                                                     
The Hekla eruption in Iceland                                                                                      
China: the historiographical impact                                                                              
The world-wide impact of the Thera eruption                                                              
Conclusion                                                                                                                    
Chapter VIII The Hyksos                                                                                             
The chronology of the 13th Dynasty: chaos in Egypt                                                  
The chronology of the 15th Dynasty: the beginnings of Hyksos rule                          
The Hyksos capital at Tell el Daba’a
The 400-year stela and the Temple of Seth
A chronological summary
Who were the Hyksos?
Different views on the origin and the arrival of the Hyksos
The Hyksos as a multinational corporation
Horses and chariots: Hurrians and Aryans
Hurrians and Hyksos
Hyksos material culture                                                                                                
The Hyksos and the biblical captivity or sojourn in Egypt                                          
Conclusion                                                                                                                    
Chapter IX Crete, Thera and the birth of Mycenaean
culture in the i8th and 17th centuries bc
A Hyksos invasion?
The Cretan new palaces
The weapons of Crete in MMIII
The flying gallop, the sphinx and the griffin
Was there a Hyksos invasion of Crete c. 1730 bc?
The Hyksos in Thera?
The origins of Mycenaean civilization
The Aryanist Model of invasion                                                                                   
Between Aryan and Ancient: Frank Stubbings
Conclusion: a revision of the Ancient Model
Chapter X Egyptian, Mesopotamian and Levantine contacts with the Aegean
The documentary evidence
Egyptian place names referring to the Aegean
The etymology of Danaan
Documentary evidence for Egyptian relations with the Aegean in the Late Bronze Age
Accuracy and hybridism in Egyptian inscriptions and tomb paintings
Why did Cretan princes bring tribute to Egypt?                                                          
Dating the Mycenaean domination of Crete                                                                 
Crete and Mycenaean missions to Egypt                                                                     
The statue base of Amenōphis III
Contacts between Egypt and the Aegean in the late 18th and 19th Dynasties
A summary of the evidence from Egyptian documents and paintings
Mesopotamian and Ugaritic documents
Aegean documents
Conclusion
Chapter XI Egyptian and Levantine contacts with the Aegean, 1550–1250 bc
The archaeological evidence
Late Mycenaean Greece
The relative isolation of the Aegean 1550–1470 bc
Egyptian expansion from c. 1520 to 1420
Pelops and the Achaians: evidence from Anatolia
Pelops ‘the crown prince’?
The Achaians and the Danaans
Archaeological traces of the Achaians
Mycenaeans and Hittites
Ugarit and Cyprus
Mycenaean expansion and the conquests of Tuthmōsis III
The merchants of the Mediterranean in the Late Bronze Age?
The Kaş shipwreck: the sailors
The Egyptian Thebes and Mycenae, 1420–1370 bc
The foundation deposit plaques
The vocabulary of trade
The decline of Egyptian influence on the Aegean 1370–1220 bc
Phi and Psi figurines and smiting gods
Canaanite jars
Ivory
Conclusion
Chapter XII The heroic end to the heroic age
The fall of Thebes, Troy and Mycenae 1250–1150 bc
Cylinder seals
The Boiotian Thebes and the Phoenicians’ arrival
Ancient chronographies
Kadmos and the alphabet
Kadmos and Danaos: Hyksos rulers
Problems in the writing of Linear B
The treasure of the Kadmeion                                                                                      
The Kassite connection                                                                                                 
The destruction of Thebes                                                                                             
A brief survey of Trojan history                                                                                   
The date of the Trojan War                                                                                           
Thebes and Troy                                                                                                           
The collapse of Mycenaean civilization                                                                       
Conclusion                                                                                                                    
Conclusion                                                                                                                    
Maps and Charts                                                                                                           
Notes                                                                                                                             
Glossary                                                                                                                        
Bibliography                                                                                                                 
Index
 

Recenzii

"Martin Bernal’s Black Athena is nothing short of a monumental achievement in scholarship that re-oriented and transformed serious study of ancient civilizations. It remains a soaring accomplishment of classical erudition of the Afroasiatic foundation of Greek history."

"In a spectacular undertaking, Martin Bernal sets out to... restore the credibility of what he calls the Ancient Model of the beginnings of Greek civilizations... Bernal makes an exotic interloper in Classical studies. He comes to them with two outstanding gifts: a remarkable flair for the sociology - perhaps one should say politics - of knowledge, and a formidable linguistic proficiency... The story told by Bernal, with many fascinating twists and turns and quite a few entertaining digressions, is... a critical inquiry into a large part of the European imagination... a retrospect of ingenious and often sardonic erudition."

"An astonishing work, breathtakingly bold in conception and passionately written... salutary, exciting, and, in its historiographical aspects, convincing."

"A work which has much to offer the lay reader, and its multi-disciplinary sweep is refreshing: it is an important contribution to historiography and the sociology of knowledge, written with elegance, wit, and self-awareness... a thrilling journey... his account is as gripping a tale of scholarly detection and discovery as one could hope to find."

"Bernal's material is fascinating, his mind is sharp, and his analyses convince."

"A formidable work of intellectual history, one that demonstrates that the politics of knowledge is never far from national politics."

"His book should be welcome to both classicists and ancient historians, most of whom will, now at least, be inclined to agree with him."

"Bernal's work and the stir it has occasioned have caused ancient historians and archaeologists to undertake a major reexamination of methods and motives."

"Colossal.... Bernal aims to revise current understanding of Ancient Middle Eastern history by taking seriously the ancient Greeks' legends that portrayed much in their civilization as originating in the Middle East, especially Egypt."

"Demands to be taken seriously... Every page that Bernal writes is educating and enthralling. To agree with all his thesis may be a sign of naivety, but not to have spent time in his company is a sign of nothing at all."

"A serious work that deals in a serious way with many of the principal issues of Aegean history in the second millennium B.C., and one can ask little more of any historical work."

"[Bernal's] multifaceted assault on academic complacency is an important contribution to the development of a more open, historical, and culturally oriented post-processual archaeology."

"A breathtaking panoply of archaeological artifacts, texts, and myths."

"Bernal's enterprise - his attack on the Aryan model and his promotion of a new paradigm - will profoundly mark the next century's perception of the origins of Greek civilization and the role of Ancient Egypt."

"Challenges the racism implicit in the recent 'cultural literacy' movement."

"A monumental and path-breaking work."

"[Martin Bernal] has forced scholars to reexamine the roots of Western civilization."

"Martin Bernal has managed to make the subject of Ancient Greece both popular and controversial."

"Black Athena is a powerfully written and brilliantly researched book that relentlessly unveils the historical and cultural African origins of Western civilization. Still a must read for all those in search of truth."
 

“Bernal has ample justification for calling into question many widely accepted hypotheses…. He shows that Egypt and its culture were misrepresented or simply ignored by European writers.”