Waste Biomass Utilization
Editat de Prakash Kumar Sarangi, Uttam Kumar Sahoo, Tarun Kumar Thakuren Limba Engleză Hardback – 9 noi 2026
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Notă biografică
Prakash Kumar Sarangi, PhD is a Scientist with specialization in Microbiology at Central Agricultural University in Imphal, India with more than 12 years of research and teaching experience. He has published more than 70 research articles in international journals, more than 40 book chapters, and more than 70 conference proceedings. His research focuses on bioprocess engineering, renewable energy, biochemicals, and biomaterials, towards sustainability and livelihood development.
Uttam Kumar Sahoo is the Director of Research and Development and a Senior Professor in the Department of Forestry in the School of Earth Sciences and Natural Resource Management at Mizoram University, Aizawl, India. His major research works focus on? forestry, seed ecology, biodiversity and ecosystem services, spatial planning, and conservation and restoration of social-ecological systems.
Tarun Kumar Thakur, PhD is a Professor in the Department of Environmental Science at Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Madhya Pradesh, India. In 2006, he completed his PhD at Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, India. His expertise and practical experience include remote sensing and GIS, riverine ecosystems, carbon neutrality in forestry, restoration ecology, landscape ecology, and environmental health assessment.
Uttam Kumar Sahoo is the Director of Research and Development and a Senior Professor in the Department of Forestry in the School of Earth Sciences and Natural Resource Management at Mizoram University, Aizawl, India. His major research works focus on? forestry, seed ecology, biodiversity and ecosystem services, spatial planning, and conservation and restoration of social-ecological systems.
Tarun Kumar Thakur, PhD is a Professor in the Department of Environmental Science at Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Madhya Pradesh, India. In 2006, he completed his PhD at Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, India. His expertise and practical experience include remote sensing and GIS, riverine ecosystems, carbon neutrality in forestry, restoration ecology, landscape ecology, and environmental health assessment.
Cuprins
Preface xiii
1 Valorization of Agricultural By-Products: An Update on Recent Practices and Perspectives 1
Susankar Kushari, Suman Kumar, Bhargab Deka, Pratap Kalita and Songeeta Singha
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Types of Agricultural By-Products 5
1.2.1 Field Residues 5
1.2.2 Processing Residues 14
1.2.3 Livestock 15
1.2.4 Industrial Residues 16
1.3 High-Value Compounds from Agricultural By-Products 17
1.3.1 Phenolic Compounds 17
1.3.2 Phenolic Acids 21
1.3.3 Flavonoids 22
1.3.4 Anthocyanins 22
1.3.5 Tannins 23
1.3.6 Lignans 23
1.3.7 Fatty Acids 24
1.3.8 Carbohydrates 25
1.3.9 Proteins 25
1.4 Value-Added Products from Agricultural By-Products 26
1.4.1 Biofuel Production 26
1.4.2 Cosmetic Development 28
1.4.3 Food Products 30
1.4.4 Animal Foods 32
1.4.5 Packaging Film 33
1.4.6 Pharmaceutical Applications 34
1.5 Future Perspectives and Challenges 36
1.6 Conclusion 38
2 Valorization of Banana-Based Biomass: A Review on Applications and Future Perspective 57
Mrinal Kashyap Sarma, Nurul Amin, Firuza Begum, Pratap Kalita and Radali Duarah
2.1 Introduction 58
2.2 Several Types of Banana Biomasses and Its Worldwide Scenario 60
2.3 Medicinal Properties of Banana-Based Biomasses 63
2.4 Functional Materials from Banana Biomass 65
2.4.1 Starch 67
2.4.2 Cellulose from Banana Biomass 75
2.4.3 Polyphenolic Compounds 76
2.4.4 Lignin 77
2.4.5 Other Compounds 78
2.5 Valorised Products from Banana Biomass 79
2.5.1 Pharmaceutical Utilizations 80
2.5.2 Nanoparticles 82
2.5.3 Enzyme Applications 83
2.5.4 Food Products 84
2.5.5 Animal Feeds 85
2.5.6 Packaging Film 86Contents vii
2.5.7 Other Applications 87
2.6 Future Perspective and Challenges 88
3 Progress in Rice Bran and Rice Husk as Functional Materials 99
Surender Prasad, Bikash Gupta, Pratap Kalita, Richa Saxena and Satyabrat Sarma
3.1 Introduction 100
3.2 The Functional Component of Rice Bran and Rice Husk 102
3.2.1 Carbohydrate 102
3.2.2 Proteins 103
3.2.3 Fats and Oils 104
3.2.4 Vitamins 105
3.2.5 Minerals 105
3.2.6 Enzymes 106
3.2.7 Phenolic Compound 107
3.2.8 Flavonoids 107
3.2.9 Triterpene/Triterpenoid 108
3.2.10 Carotenoids 108
3.2.11 Dietary Fiber 112
3.3 Applications of Rice Bran and Rice Husk 113
3.3.1 Nutraceuticals and Health 113
3.3.2 Rice Husk and Rice Bran as Renewable Energy Sources (Biofuel) 114
3.3.3 Bakery and Confectionery Products 115
3.3.4 Meat and Dairy Goods 116
3.3.5 Food Emulsifiers and Stabilizers 116
3.3.6 Bioadsorbent 117
3.3.7 Bioremediation 117
3.3.8 Activated Carbon Production 118
3.3.9 Development of Natural Herbicides 118
3.3.10 Cytotoxic Applications 119
3.3.11 Building Materials 119
3.3.12 Fertilisers and Substrates 119
3.3.13 Water Purification 120
3.4 Health Benefits of Rice Bran and Rice Husk 121
3.4.1 Antioxidative Properties 121
3.4.2 Anti-Inflammatory Effects 122
3.4.3 Immuno-Stimulating Effects 123
3.4.4 Anticancer Properties 123
3.4.5 Antidiabetic Effects 124viii Contents
3.4.6 Cardiovascular Health and Cholesterol Reduction 125
3.4.7 Skin and Hair Care: Protection, Anti-Aging and Nourishment 125
3.4.8 Bone Health and Menopausal Support 126
3.4.9 Digestive Health and Dietary Fibre 127
3.4.10 Nutrient-Rich Composition 127
3.4.11 Weight Management 128
3.4.12 Detoxification and Liver Health 128
3.4.13 Health with Silica Content 129
3.4.14 Antimicrobial Activity 129
3.5 Future Prospects 131
4 Lignin from Agricultural Biomass and Their Application in Different Fields 149
T.V.R. Prabir Bharali, Mrinal Kashyap Sarma, Pratap Kalita, Prakash Kumar Sarangi, Ashique Iqbal Sikdar, Shahanur Alom and Satyendra Deka
4.1 Introduction 150
4.2 Lignin Source from Agricultural Biomass 152
4.3 Lignin Properties 153
4.3.1 Antioxidant Activity of Lignin from Agricultural Biomass 153
4.3.2 UV Rays Blocking Properties of Lignin from Agricultural Biomass 156
4.3.3 Antimicrobial Activity of Lignin from Agricultural Biomass 158
4.4 Function of Lignin from Agricultural Biomass 160
4.4.1 Lignin in Pickering Emulsion 160
4.4.2 Lignin in Food Preservation 162
4.4.3 Lignin in Bioplastic Preparation 165
4.4.4 Others 167
4.5 Conclusion 177
5 Jackfruit Seed: Nutritional Properties, Applications and Health Benefits 187
Freddy Teilang Nongkhlaw, Mrinal Kashyap Sarma, Pratap Kalita, Saikat Sen and Raja Chakraborty
5.1 Introduction 188
5.2 Nutritional Properties of Jackfruit Seeds 190Contents ix
5.2.1 Bioactive Compound 190
5.2.2 Starch 191
5.2.3 Protein 192
5.2.4 Fats and Lipids 193
5.2.5 Phytochemical Profiles 193
5.2.6 Fatty Acid Profiles 194
5.3 Health Benefits of Jackfruit Seed 196
5.3.1 Antioxidant Activity 196
5.3.2 Anti-Diabetic Activity 197
5.3.3 Anticancer Activity 198
5.3.4 Anti-Inflammatory Activity 199
5.3.5 Immunomodulatory Activity 200
5.3.6 Miscellaneous 200
5.4 Application of Jackfruit Seeds 202
5.4.1 Food Applications 202
5.4.2 Animal Feed 205
5.4.3 Application in Pharmaceutical Field 207
5.4.4 Biodiesel Applications 208
5.4.5 Other Applications 209
5.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective 211
6 Litchi Seed: Composition, Functional Material, and Applications 221
Hrishikesh Bhagawati, Mrinal Kashyap Sarma, Freddy Teilang Nongkhlaw, Pratap Kalita and Abdul Baquee Ahmed
6.1 Introduction 222
6.2 Composition of Litchi Seeds 225
6.2.1 Proximate Composition 225
6.2.2 Mineral Composition 226
6.2.3 Starch and Polysaccharides 227
6.2.4 Phytochemical Profile 228
6.2.5 Fatty Acid Profile 229
6.3 Litchi Seed-Based Products and Applications 230
6.3.1 Dermal Applications 230
6.3.2 Topical Applications 232
6.3.3 Parenteral Applications 233
6.3.4 Biodegradable and Active Packaging Films 233
6.3.5 Fermented Cosmetic Serums 233
6.3.6 Hair and Scalp Care 234x Contents
6.3.7 Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals 234
6.3.8 Industrial and Environmental Applications 235
6.4 Application of Litchi Seed 236
6.4.1 Food 240
6.4.2 Pharmaceutical Field 241
6.4.3 Animal Feed 242
6.4.4 Agriculture 242
6.4.5 Others 243
6.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective 243
7 Life Cycle Assessment for Green Catalyst-Based Conversion of Food Waste: Attainment of Zero Waste 253
Amit Kumar Rajak, Uttam Kumar Sahoo and Prakash Kumar Sarangi
7.1 Introduction 254
7.2 Optimized Catalyst Manufacturing for Waste-Derived Renewable Resources via Ultrasound-Assisted Intensification 262
7.2.1 Comprehensive Mechanistic Understanding and Identification of Waste-Derived Catalysts 263
7.3 Evaluation of Waste-Derived Heterogeneous Catalysts' Ecological Life Cycle 265
7.4 How Green Principles Affect the Production of Waste-Derived Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Life Cycle Assessment of Sustainability 269
7.5 Evaluation of Green Principles' Impact on Conventional and Cavitation-Assisted Catalyst/Chemical Manufacture Using Waste-Derived Materials 270
7.6 The Benefits of the Life Cycle Sustainable Evaluation of Waste-Derived Heterogeneous Catalysts for Pilot-Level Biomass the Preliminary Treatment and Biodiesel Manufacturing 272
7.7 Prospects for Life Cycle Assessment Research in the Future 274
7.8 Conclusion 274
8 Utilizing Food Waste for Sustainable Resource Recovery towards Achieving Global Food Security Goals and Zero Hunger 285
Priti Pal, Akhilesh Kumar Singh, Sashi Sonkar, Prakash Kumar Sarangi, G. K. Dinesh and Uttam Kumar Sahoo
8.1 Introduction 286
8.2 The Scale and Impact of Food Waste 288
8.2.1 The Global Scale of Food Waste 289
8.2.2 Social Impacts 290
8.2.3 Economic Impacts 290
8.2.4 Environmental Impacts 291
8.2.5 Implications for SDG 2 and Zero Hunger 292
8.2.6 Strategies for Addressing Food Waste Impacts 292
8.3 Strategies for Food Waste Utilization 293
8.3.1 Composting 293
8.3.2 Bioconversion 295
8.3.3 Anaerobic Digestion 296
8.3.4 Upcycling and Food Recovery 296
8.3.5 Emerging Technologies 297
8.3.6 Synergies and Scalability 297
8.4 Policy and Global Initiatives 298
8.4.1 Global Policy Frameworks 298
8.4.2 Regional Policy Initiatives 300
8.4.3 National Policy Interventions 300
8.4.4 Public-Private Partnerships 301
8.4.5 Community and Grassroots Initiatives 302
8.4.6 Challenges in Policy Implementation 302
8.4.7 Recent Data and Trends 302
8.4.8 The Path Forward 303
8.5 Challenges and Research Gaps 303
8.6 Conclusion 304
References 305
Index 315
1 Valorization of Agricultural By-Products: An Update on Recent Practices and Perspectives 1
Susankar Kushari, Suman Kumar, Bhargab Deka, Pratap Kalita and Songeeta Singha
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Types of Agricultural By-Products 5
1.2.1 Field Residues 5
1.2.2 Processing Residues 14
1.2.3 Livestock 15
1.2.4 Industrial Residues 16
1.3 High-Value Compounds from Agricultural By-Products 17
1.3.1 Phenolic Compounds 17
1.3.2 Phenolic Acids 21
1.3.3 Flavonoids 22
1.3.4 Anthocyanins 22
1.3.5 Tannins 23
1.3.6 Lignans 23
1.3.7 Fatty Acids 24
1.3.8 Carbohydrates 25
1.3.9 Proteins 25
1.4 Value-Added Products from Agricultural By-Products 26
1.4.1 Biofuel Production 26
1.4.2 Cosmetic Development 28
1.4.3 Food Products 30
1.4.4 Animal Foods 32
1.4.5 Packaging Film 33
1.4.6 Pharmaceutical Applications 34
1.5 Future Perspectives and Challenges 36
1.6 Conclusion 38
2 Valorization of Banana-Based Biomass: A Review on Applications and Future Perspective 57
Mrinal Kashyap Sarma, Nurul Amin, Firuza Begum, Pratap Kalita and Radali Duarah
2.1 Introduction 58
2.2 Several Types of Banana Biomasses and Its Worldwide Scenario 60
2.3 Medicinal Properties of Banana-Based Biomasses 63
2.4 Functional Materials from Banana Biomass 65
2.4.1 Starch 67
2.4.2 Cellulose from Banana Biomass 75
2.4.3 Polyphenolic Compounds 76
2.4.4 Lignin 77
2.4.5 Other Compounds 78
2.5 Valorised Products from Banana Biomass 79
2.5.1 Pharmaceutical Utilizations 80
2.5.2 Nanoparticles 82
2.5.3 Enzyme Applications 83
2.5.4 Food Products 84
2.5.5 Animal Feeds 85
2.5.6 Packaging Film 86Contents vii
2.5.7 Other Applications 87
2.6 Future Perspective and Challenges 88
3 Progress in Rice Bran and Rice Husk as Functional Materials 99
Surender Prasad, Bikash Gupta, Pratap Kalita, Richa Saxena and Satyabrat Sarma
3.1 Introduction 100
3.2 The Functional Component of Rice Bran and Rice Husk 102
3.2.1 Carbohydrate 102
3.2.2 Proteins 103
3.2.3 Fats and Oils 104
3.2.4 Vitamins 105
3.2.5 Minerals 105
3.2.6 Enzymes 106
3.2.7 Phenolic Compound 107
3.2.8 Flavonoids 107
3.2.9 Triterpene/Triterpenoid 108
3.2.10 Carotenoids 108
3.2.11 Dietary Fiber 112
3.3 Applications of Rice Bran and Rice Husk 113
3.3.1 Nutraceuticals and Health 113
3.3.2 Rice Husk and Rice Bran as Renewable Energy Sources (Biofuel) 114
3.3.3 Bakery and Confectionery Products 115
3.3.4 Meat and Dairy Goods 116
3.3.5 Food Emulsifiers and Stabilizers 116
3.3.6 Bioadsorbent 117
3.3.7 Bioremediation 117
3.3.8 Activated Carbon Production 118
3.3.9 Development of Natural Herbicides 118
3.3.10 Cytotoxic Applications 119
3.3.11 Building Materials 119
3.3.12 Fertilisers and Substrates 119
3.3.13 Water Purification 120
3.4 Health Benefits of Rice Bran and Rice Husk 121
3.4.1 Antioxidative Properties 121
3.4.2 Anti-Inflammatory Effects 122
3.4.3 Immuno-Stimulating Effects 123
3.4.4 Anticancer Properties 123
3.4.5 Antidiabetic Effects 124viii Contents
3.4.6 Cardiovascular Health and Cholesterol Reduction 125
3.4.7 Skin and Hair Care: Protection, Anti-Aging and Nourishment 125
3.4.8 Bone Health and Menopausal Support 126
3.4.9 Digestive Health and Dietary Fibre 127
3.4.10 Nutrient-Rich Composition 127
3.4.11 Weight Management 128
3.4.12 Detoxification and Liver Health 128
3.4.13 Health with Silica Content 129
3.4.14 Antimicrobial Activity 129
3.5 Future Prospects 131
4 Lignin from Agricultural Biomass and Their Application in Different Fields 149
T.V.R. Prabir Bharali, Mrinal Kashyap Sarma, Pratap Kalita, Prakash Kumar Sarangi, Ashique Iqbal Sikdar, Shahanur Alom and Satyendra Deka
4.1 Introduction 150
4.2 Lignin Source from Agricultural Biomass 152
4.3 Lignin Properties 153
4.3.1 Antioxidant Activity of Lignin from Agricultural Biomass 153
4.3.2 UV Rays Blocking Properties of Lignin from Agricultural Biomass 156
4.3.3 Antimicrobial Activity of Lignin from Agricultural Biomass 158
4.4 Function of Lignin from Agricultural Biomass 160
4.4.1 Lignin in Pickering Emulsion 160
4.4.2 Lignin in Food Preservation 162
4.4.3 Lignin in Bioplastic Preparation 165
4.4.4 Others 167
4.5 Conclusion 177
5 Jackfruit Seed: Nutritional Properties, Applications and Health Benefits 187
Freddy Teilang Nongkhlaw, Mrinal Kashyap Sarma, Pratap Kalita, Saikat Sen and Raja Chakraborty
5.1 Introduction 188
5.2 Nutritional Properties of Jackfruit Seeds 190Contents ix
5.2.1 Bioactive Compound 190
5.2.2 Starch 191
5.2.3 Protein 192
5.2.4 Fats and Lipids 193
5.2.5 Phytochemical Profiles 193
5.2.6 Fatty Acid Profiles 194
5.3 Health Benefits of Jackfruit Seed 196
5.3.1 Antioxidant Activity 196
5.3.2 Anti-Diabetic Activity 197
5.3.3 Anticancer Activity 198
5.3.4 Anti-Inflammatory Activity 199
5.3.5 Immunomodulatory Activity 200
5.3.6 Miscellaneous 200
5.4 Application of Jackfruit Seeds 202
5.4.1 Food Applications 202
5.4.2 Animal Feed 205
5.4.3 Application in Pharmaceutical Field 207
5.4.4 Biodiesel Applications 208
5.4.5 Other Applications 209
5.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective 211
6 Litchi Seed: Composition, Functional Material, and Applications 221
Hrishikesh Bhagawati, Mrinal Kashyap Sarma, Freddy Teilang Nongkhlaw, Pratap Kalita and Abdul Baquee Ahmed
6.1 Introduction 222
6.2 Composition of Litchi Seeds 225
6.2.1 Proximate Composition 225
6.2.2 Mineral Composition 226
6.2.3 Starch and Polysaccharides 227
6.2.4 Phytochemical Profile 228
6.2.5 Fatty Acid Profile 229
6.3 Litchi Seed-Based Products and Applications 230
6.3.1 Dermal Applications 230
6.3.2 Topical Applications 232
6.3.3 Parenteral Applications 233
6.3.4 Biodegradable and Active Packaging Films 233
6.3.5 Fermented Cosmetic Serums 233
6.3.6 Hair and Scalp Care 234x Contents
6.3.7 Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals 234
6.3.8 Industrial and Environmental Applications 235
6.4 Application of Litchi Seed 236
6.4.1 Food 240
6.4.2 Pharmaceutical Field 241
6.4.3 Animal Feed 242
6.4.4 Agriculture 242
6.4.5 Others 243
6.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective 243
7 Life Cycle Assessment for Green Catalyst-Based Conversion of Food Waste: Attainment of Zero Waste 253
Amit Kumar Rajak, Uttam Kumar Sahoo and Prakash Kumar Sarangi
7.1 Introduction 254
7.2 Optimized Catalyst Manufacturing for Waste-Derived Renewable Resources via Ultrasound-Assisted Intensification 262
7.2.1 Comprehensive Mechanistic Understanding and Identification of Waste-Derived Catalysts 263
7.3 Evaluation of Waste-Derived Heterogeneous Catalysts' Ecological Life Cycle 265
7.4 How Green Principles Affect the Production of Waste-Derived Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Life Cycle Assessment of Sustainability 269
7.5 Evaluation of Green Principles' Impact on Conventional and Cavitation-Assisted Catalyst/Chemical Manufacture Using Waste-Derived Materials 270
7.6 The Benefits of the Life Cycle Sustainable Evaluation of Waste-Derived Heterogeneous Catalysts for Pilot-Level Biomass the Preliminary Treatment and Biodiesel Manufacturing 272
7.7 Prospects for Life Cycle Assessment Research in the Future 274
7.8 Conclusion 274
8 Utilizing Food Waste for Sustainable Resource Recovery towards Achieving Global Food Security Goals and Zero Hunger 285
Priti Pal, Akhilesh Kumar Singh, Sashi Sonkar, Prakash Kumar Sarangi, G. K. Dinesh and Uttam Kumar Sahoo
8.1 Introduction 286
8.2 The Scale and Impact of Food Waste 288
8.2.1 The Global Scale of Food Waste 289
8.2.2 Social Impacts 290
8.2.3 Economic Impacts 290
8.2.4 Environmental Impacts 291
8.2.5 Implications for SDG 2 and Zero Hunger 292
8.2.6 Strategies for Addressing Food Waste Impacts 292
8.3 Strategies for Food Waste Utilization 293
8.3.1 Composting 293
8.3.2 Bioconversion 295
8.3.3 Anaerobic Digestion 296
8.3.4 Upcycling and Food Recovery 296
8.3.5 Emerging Technologies 297
8.3.6 Synergies and Scalability 297
8.4 Policy and Global Initiatives 298
8.4.1 Global Policy Frameworks 298
8.4.2 Regional Policy Initiatives 300
8.4.3 National Policy Interventions 300
8.4.4 Public-Private Partnerships 301
8.4.5 Community and Grassroots Initiatives 302
8.4.6 Challenges in Policy Implementation 302
8.4.7 Recent Data and Trends 302
8.4.8 The Path Forward 303
8.5 Challenges and Research Gaps 303
8.6 Conclusion 304
References 305
Index 315