Debates over African agricultural development have been deeply polarized between those who see capitalism and modern technology as either saving or destroying African farmers. The Upright Farmer reframes this debate through a flagship case of agricultural modernization: the cotton sector of Burkina Faso, where farmers have rapidly adopted pesticides and genetically modified seeds. This process has produced inequality, debt, and social and ecological harm, yet many farmers embrace these technologies. Through rich, multi-sited ethnographic data, Jessie K. Luna untangles this puzzle by arguing that the material and ideological dynamics of colonial capitalist expansion have been interwoven with racialized hierarchies. The lens of racial capitalism reveals how agricultural modernization creates and justifies structural inequalities. At the same time, people throughout this system, from farmers to extension agents to scientists, actively navigate what W. E. B. Du Bois called “the global color line,” using agricultural technologies as pathways for status and tools of resistance. Invoking Thomas Sankara’s anti-colonial vision of Burkina Faso as “the land of upright people,” Luna reveals how BurkinabÈ strive to stand upright as modern subjects, even as they participate in a process that compounds ecological and social splintering.