The Authoritarian Divide: Kellogg Institute Series on Democracy and Development

Orçun Selçuk is an assistant professor of political science and the director of the international studies program at Luther College.

List of Figures

List of Tables

Preface

Acknowledgements

List of Abbreviations

Introduction

1. A Theory of Populism, Polarization, and Opposition

2. Affective Leader Polarization in Turkey, Venezuela, and Ecuador

3. Inclusionary and Exclusionary Populism in Turkey under Erdöan

4. Inclusionary and Exclusionary Populism in Venezuela under Chávez

5. Inclusionary and Exclusionary Populism in Ecuador under Correa

6. Opposition to Affective Leader Polarization in Turkey, Venezuela, and Ecuador

Comparative Conclusions

Appendix 1

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

Bibliography