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The Antisocial Personalities de David T. Lykken

The Antisocial Personalities

Autor David T. Lykken
en Limba Engleză Paperback – mai 1995

Remarcăm faptul că literatura academică a suferit multă vreme din cauza unei delimitări imprecise între psihopatie și sociopatie, ambele fiind adesea grupate sub umbrela generică a tulburării de personalitate antisocială. The Antisocial Personalities vine să corecteze această lacună, propunând o structură teoretică riguroasă care separă trăsăturile înnăscute de eșecurile de socializare condiționate de mediu. Autorul David T. Lykken provoacă paradigma clasică „natură versus educație”, înlocuind-o cu formula mai nuanțată „natură prin educație”, demonstrând cum competența parentală poate modula predispozițiile genetice.

Volumul este organizat în patru părți distincte care ghidează cititorul de la fundamentele evoluționiste și genetice către o clasificare detaliată a tipologiilor criminale. Prima parte utilizează un model animal inedit, cel al rasei Bull Terrier, pentru a discuta baze biologice, în timp ce secțiunile ulterioare explorează disfuncțiile lobului frontal și teoriile lui R.D. Hare. The Antisocial Personalities este comparabil cu Crime and Personality (Psychology Revivals) de H. J. Eysenck în rigurozitatea cu care abordează bazele biologice, dar este actualizat pentru a include o analiză sociologică profundă a impactului structurii familiale asupra criminalității moderne.

Credem că forța acestui text rezidă în curajul de a aborda teme sensibile, precum corelația dintre divorț, ilegitimitate și creșterea violenței în mediul urban american. Stilul este unul academic, dar captivant, fiind o resursă esențială pentru înțelegerea modului în care lipsa fricii — o trăsătură pe care autorul o vede comună atât eroilor, cât și psihopaților primari — poate fi canalizată constructiv sau distructiv în funcție de agenții de socializare primari.

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Specificații

ISBN-13: 9780805819748
ISBN-10: 0805819746
Pagini: 268
Dimensiuni: 152 x 229 x 18 mm
Greutate: 0.45 kg
Ediția:New.
Editura: Taylor & Francis
Colecția Psychology Press
Locul publicării:Oxford, United Kingdom

Public țintă

Professional

De ce să citești această carte

Recomandăm această carte profesioniștilor din psihologia clinică, judiciară și criminologie care doresc să depășească definițiile rigide din manualele de diagnostic. Cititorul va câștiga o înțelegere profundă a diferenței dintre psihopatul „născut” și sociopatul „creat” de carențele parentale, primind în același timp o perspectivă evoluționistă asupra comportamentului antisocial. Este un instrument teoretic solid pentru oricine studiază geneza violenței în societatea contemporană.

Despre autor

David T. Lykken a fost o figură proeminentă în psihologia americană, profesor emerit la Universitatea din Minnesota și cercetător asociat la Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences din Palo Alto. Recunoscut la nivel internațional pentru studiile sale pe gemeni, munca sa a fost frecvent citată în publicații precum The New York Times și Wall Street Journal. Expertiza sa în genetica comportamentală și psihofiziologie i-a permis să construiască punți între biologie și sociologie, fiind autorul unor lucrări de referință care analizează personalitatea umană prin prisma eredității și a mediului.

Descriere scurtă

This volume presents a scholarly analysis of psychopathic and sociopathic personalities and the conditions that give rise to them. In so doing, it offers a coherent theoretical and developmental analysis of socialization and its vicissitudes, and of the role played in socialization by the crime-relevant genetic traits of the child and the skills and limitations of the primary socializing agents, the parents.

This volume also describes how American psychiatry's (DSM-IV) category of "Antisocial Personality Disorder" is heterogeneous and fails to document some of the more interesting and notorious psychopaths of our era. The author also shows why the antinomic formula "Nature vs. Nurture" should be revised to "Nature via Nurture" and reviews the evidence for the heritability of crime-relevant traits. One of these traits -- fearlessness -- seems to be one basis for the primary psychopathy and the author argues that the primary psychopath and the hero may be twigs on the same genetic branch.

But crime -- the failure of socialization -- is rare among traditional peoples still living in the extended-family environment in which our common ancestors lived and to which our species is evolutionarily adapted. The author demonstrates that the sharp rise in crime and violence in the United States since the 1960s can be attributed to the coeval increase in divorce and illegitimacy which has left millions of fatherless children to be reared by over-burdened, often immature or sociopathic single mothers. The genus sociopathic personality includes those persons whose failure of socialization can be attributed largely to incompetent or indifferent rearing.

Two generalizations supported by modern behavior genetic research are that most psychological traits have strong genetic roots and show little lasting influence of the rearing environment. This book demonstrates that the important trait of socialization is an exception. Although traits that obstruct or facilitate socialization tend to obey these rules, socialization itself is only weakly heritable; this is because modern American society displays such enormous variance in the relevant environmental factors, mainly in parental competence. Moreover, parental incompetence that produces sociopathy in one child is likely to have the same result with any siblings. This book argues that sociopathy contributes far more to crime and violence than psychopathy because sociopaths are much more numerous and because sociopathy is a familial trait for both genetic and environmental reasons. With a provocative thesis and an engaging style, this book will be of principal interest to clinical, personality, forensic, and developmental psychologists and their students, as well as to psychiatrists and criminologists.

Cuprins

Contents: Introduction. Part I: Crime and Violence: Who Are the Perpetrators and Why Do They Do It? The Psychopathology of Crime. An Animal Model: The Bull Terrier. A Classification of Criminal Types. Part II: The Genetic and Evolutionary Background. Crime From an Evolutionary Perspective. Genes and the Mind. The Heritability of Criminality. Part III: The Psychopathic Personalities. The Psychopath: An Introduction to the Genus. The Classification of the Psychopathies. A Theory of Primary Psychopathy. Primary and Secondary Psychopathy. Further Contributions of R.D. Hare. Theories of Frontal Lobe Dysfunction. Other Theories of Psychopathy. Part IV: The Sociopathic Personalities. The Sociopath or Common Criminal. The Question of Race. Preventing Antisocial Personality.

Recenzii

"...this is a fascinating volume. It is just the kind of book that should be at the center of debates on public policy--consistently scientific and free from preconceptions or wishful thinking."
—American Renaissance
HOLD FOR PUBLICATION OF REVIEW!!!"...a sophisticated, tightly integrated work with multiple overlapping themes. This is a book that brings new perspective to a well-travelled literature and which yields fresh rewards with repeated readings. It is illuminating, entertaining, and at times outrageous. In short, it has the earmarks of a classic."
—Psychological Inquiry
"...original, variegated, intelligent, scholarly, and delightfully written....this book is dense and nutritious; few works are based on bodies of literature as diverse as those covered here, and there are fewer still that achieve the conceptual coherence that Lykken achieves. [He] is an expert in this long-term field, and his book is an encyclopedic compendium."
—Aggressive Behavior
After reviewing the literature on psychopathy, this book documents the claim that sociopaths, not psychopaths, are responsible for most crime.
—National Institute of Justice
"Lykken's newest book on the antisocial personalities rivals and then surpasses the classic by Cleckley by combining hard-nosed science, as skillfully as Sagan, with keen observations on humans in social settings garnered over some 40 years of experience with sociopaths. His theory about the 'primary psychopath' and his (usually) origins will irritate, agitate, and partially explicate, depending on the reader's previous exposure to sociology, behavioral genetics, and welfare policy. Lykken's challenges to conventional and received wisdom are both serious and entertaining. Your attitude toward crime and violence will NOT be the same after reading this book as it was before you started."
—Irving I. Gottesman, Ph.D.
Honorary Fellow, Royal College of Psychiatrics, University of Virginia
"This is the most exciting book on psychopathology I've read for years. The analysis is incisive and deep; the style is engaging; the synthesis of the author's encyclopedic knowledge in diverse areas -- clinical psychology, sociology, psychometrics, genetics, psychophysiology -- is creative and powerful. This book defines the research task for the foreseeable future."
—Paul E. Meehl, Ph.D., LP
Regents' Professor of Psychology, Emeritus, Member Emeritus, Minnesota Center fo
"David Lykken, the Dean of the field of antisocial behavior, provides a badly needed, comprehensive, and insightful analysis of the complex causes of the marked and continuing increase in crime and violence. This highly readable book offers its own recommendations that are likely to stimulate a major political debate as to how to solve this critical societal problem. It is one of those rare books that presents an authoritative overview for professionals in the field, yet is written in a clear and entertaining style that makes it invaluable for the educated layperson."
—Don C. Fowles, Ph.D.
The University of Iowa
"Your book on the antisocial personalities is wonderful....The topic is major, the writing is marvelously clear, and the argument is correct....your book is the high water mark in our efforts to develop a conceptual understanding of the issue."
—Robert Hogan
Hogan Assessment Systems