Syncope: An Evidence-Based Approach
Autor Michele Brignole, David G. Benditten Limba Engleză Paperback – sep 2014
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Specificații
ISBN-13: 9781447157212
ISBN-10: 1447157214
Pagini: 364
Dimensiuni: 155 x 235 x 19 mm
Greutate: 0.51 kg
Ediția:2011
Editura: SPRINGER LONDON
Colecția Springer
Locul publicării:London, United Kingdom
ISBN-10: 1447157214
Pagini: 364
Dimensiuni: 155 x 235 x 19 mm
Greutate: 0.51 kg
Ediția:2011
Editura: SPRINGER LONDON
Colecția Springer
Locul publicării:London, United Kingdom
Public țintă
Professional/practitionerDescriere
Syncope
represents
a
multidiciplinary
issue
in
medicine,
often
involving
cardiologists,
neurologists,
emergency
medicine
specialists,
general
practitioners
,
geriatricians
and
other
clinicians.
However,
terminology,
methodology
and
guidelines
differ
making
the
issue
more
complex.
The Editors of this book present a thorough multidisciplinary review of the topic. Guideline-based, they have assembled a team of key opinion leaders in the study and management of syncope.
The first section of the book discusses the scientific basis behind the diagnosis and management of syncope going into detail regarding the pathways leading to syncope symptoms and the pathology behind them.
The second section of the book then takes a more practical approach defining the practice of syncope management and including a number of case histories explaining the pearls and pitfalls of the current guidelines.
The Editors of this book present a thorough multidisciplinary review of the topic. Guideline-based, they have assembled a team of key opinion leaders in the study and management of syncope.
The first section of the book discusses the scientific basis behind the diagnosis and management of syncope going into detail regarding the pathways leading to syncope symptoms and the pathology behind them.
The second section of the book then takes a more practical approach defining the practice of syncope management and including a number of case histories explaining the pearls and pitfalls of the current guidelines.
Cuprins
SECTION
ONE
A
–
Current
evidence-based
knowledge:
Classification,
Pathophysiology
and
Social
/
Economic
Impact.-
Chapter
1.
Syncope:
definition,
terminology,
and
classification.-
1.1
Definition.-
1.1.1
Loss
of
consciousness.-
1.1.2
Onset
is
relatively
rapid.-
1.1.3.
Recovery
is
spontaneous,
complete
and
usually
prompt.-
1.1.4.
Underlying
mechanism
is
transient
global
cerebral
hypoperfusion.-
1.2.
Terminology.-
1.3.
Classification.-
1.3.1
Neurally-Mediated
Reflex
Syncope.-
1.3.2
Orthostatic
(Postural)
Syncope.-
1.3.3
Cardiac
(Cardiovascular)
Syncope.-
1.4.
Conclusion.-
Chapter
2.
Pathophysiology
of
syncope.-
2.1
Maintenance
of
Adequate
Cerebral
Blood
Flow.-
2.1.1
Autonomic
Neural
Control.-
2.1.2
Cerebrovascular
Autoregulation.-
2.2
Failure
to
Maintain
Cerebrovascular
Perfusion.-
2.2.1
Neurally-mediated
cerebral
hypoperfusion.-
2.2.2
Non-neurally-mediated
causes
of
hypotension.-
2.3
Clinical
perspectives.-
Chapter
3.
Epidemiology
of
syncope
(fainting).-
3.1
Prevalence
and
Incidence.-
3.1.1
Community-based
estimates.-
3.1.2
Selected
population
estimates.-
3.2
Syncope
recurrences.-
3.3
Mortality
Concerns.-
3.4
Unresolved
Prognostic
Issues.-
3.5
Clinical
Perspectives.-
Chapter
4
Syncope
burden:
economic
impact
of
syncope
on
healthcare
resources
and
personal
well-being.-
4.1
Cost
of
TLOC/Syncope
Care.-
4.1.1
Current
Status.-
4.1.2
Opportunity
for
Reducing
Cost.-
4.2
Quality
of
life.-
4.3
Clinical
perspectives.-
SECTION
ONE
B
–
Current
evidence-based
knowledge:
Structured
Diagnostic
Strategy.-
Chapter
5.
The
initial
evaluation
of
T-LOC:
diagnostic
strategy
based
on
the
initial
findings.-
5.1
The
Initial
evaluation.-
5.1.1
History
and
physical
examination.-
5.1.2
Baseline
electrocardiogram.-
5.1.3
Additional
tests.-
5.2
The
3
main
question
to
be
addressed
at
initial
evaluation.-
5.2.1
Is
loss
of
consciousness
attributable
to
syncope
or
not?.-
5.2.2.
Is
heart
disease
present
or
absent?.-
5.2.3.
Is
there
features
in
the
history
that
suggest
the
diagnosis?.-
5.3
The
diagnostic
strategy
based
on
the
initial
evaluation.-
5.3.1
Certain
diagnosis.-
5.3.2
Uncertain
diagnosis.-
5.4
Diagnostic
yield
of
the
initial
evaluation.-
5.5
Clinical
perspectives.-
Chapter
6.
T-LOC
Risk
stratification.-
6.1
Introduction.-
6.2
Assessing
the
risk.-
6.2.1
Risk
of
death
and
life-threatening
events.-
6.2.2
Risk
of
syncope
recurrence.-
6.3
Management
according
to
risk
stratification.-
6.4
Clinical
perspectives:
in-hospital
versus
out-patient
evaluation
in
specialized
facilities.-
Chapter
7.
Indications
for
and
interpretation
of
laboratory
diagnostic
tests.-
7.1
Introduction.-
7.2
Carotid
sinus
massage.-
7.2.1
Indications.-
7.2.2
Interpretation
of
results.-
7.3
Orthostatic
challenge
(Active
Standing
Test
and
Tilt-table
Testing).-
7.3.1
Active
Standing
Test.-
7.3.2
Tilt-table
testing.-
7.4
ATP
(Adenosine)
test.-
7.4.1
Indications.-
7.4.2
Interpretation
of
results.-
7.5
Electrophysiological
study.-
7.5.1
Suspected
sinus
node
disease
(SND).-
7.5.2
Bundle
Branch
Block.-
7.5.3
Suspected
supraventricular
tachycardia.-
7.5.4
Suspected
ventricular
tachycardia.-
7.5.5
Indications.-
7.5.6
Interpretation
of
results.-
7.6.1
Indications.-
7.6.2
Interpretation
of
results.-
7.7
Other
tests.-
7.8
Diagnostic
yield
of
laboratory
tests
in
patients
with
uncertain
syncope.-
7.9
Clinical
perspectives.-
Chapter
8.
Prolonged
Ambulatory
ECG
diagnostic
monitoring
...current
and
evolving
indications.-
8.1
Introduction.-
8.2
Interpretation
of
results.-
8.3
In-hospital
monitoring.-
8.3.1
Indications.-
8.4
Holter
monitoring.-
8.5
External
loop
recorder
(ELR)
and
remote
at-home
telemetry.-
8.5.1
Indications.-
8.6
Implantable
loop
recorder
(ILR).-
8.6.1
Natural
history
of
syncope
(probability
of
recurrence
of
syncope)
in
patients
at
low
risk.-
8.6.2
Value
of
ILR
in
diagnosis
of
syncope.-
8.6.3
ILR
in
syncope
–
where
in
the
workup?.-
8.6.4
Indications.-
8.6.5
Classification
of
responses.-
8.5.7
Therapy
guided
by
ILR.-
8.5.8
Technical
aspects.-
8.6
Diagnostic
yield
of
prolonged
diagnostic
monitoring
in
patients
with
uncertain
syncope.-
8.7
Clinical
perspectives.-
Chapter
9.
Syncope
facilities:
background
and
current
standard.-
9.1
Background:
why
should
we
need
a
dedicated
facility?.-
9.2
Some
existing
syncope
facility
models.-
9.2.1
Newcastle.-
9.2.2
Manchester.-
9.2.3
Controlled
studies
of
patients
presenting
with
syncope
to
the
Emergency
Department.-
9.3
The
standards
recommended
by
the
ESC
guidelines.-
9.3.1.
Referral.-
9.3.2.
Objectives.-
9.3.3.
Professional
skill
mix
for
the
Syncope
Unit.-
9.3.4.
Equipment.-
9.4
Clinical
perspectives.-
Chp
10.-
Syncope
(T-LOC)
Management
Units:
the
Italian
model.-
10.1
Introduction.-
10.2
The
Italian
Syncope
Management
Unit.-
10.2.1
Clinical
results.-
10.2.2
Volume
of
activity.-
10.2.3
Referral.-
10.2.4
Diagnosis.-
10.2.5
Treatment.-
10.2.6
Hospitalization
and
cost
analysis.-
10.3
Clinical
perspectives.-
SECTION
ONE
C
–
Current
evidence-based
knowledge:
Clinical
Syndromes
-
Diagnosis
and
Therapy.-
Chapter
11.
Reflex
syncope
(neurally-mediated
syncope)
11.1
The
wide
clinical
spectrum
of
an
unique
disorder
11.2
Diagnosis
11.3
Identifying
the
etiology
of
syncope
11.3.1
Vasovagal
syncope
11.3.2
Situational
syncope
11.3.3
Carotid
sinus
syncope
11.3.4
Atypical
forms
11.3.5
Likely
reflex
(neurally-mediated)
11.4
Identifying
the
mechanism
of
syncope
11.4.1
ECG
monitoring
11.4.2
Carotid
sinus
massage.
11.4.4
ATP
(adenosine
triphosphate)
tests.
11.5
Therapy
11.5.1
Lifestyle
measures
11.5.2
Additional
treatments
11.5.3
Physical
counterpressure
maneuvers
(PCM)
11.5.4
Tilt
Training
(Standing
training)
Method
11.5.5
Pharmacological
Therapy
11.5.6
Cardiac
Pacing
11.5.7
Conclusion
11.6
Clinical
perspectives
Chapter
12.
Orthostatic
Intolerance:
Orthostatic
Hypotension
and
Postural
Orthostatic
Tachycardia
Syndrome
12.1
Introduction
12.2
Terminology
12.2.1
Orthostatic
intolerance
12.2.2
Orthostatic
hypotension
(OH)
12.2.3
Postural
Orthostatic
Tachycardia
Syndrome
(POTS)
12.2.4
Dysautonomia
12.3
Physiology
of
Blood
Pressure
Control
12.4
Failure
To
Maintain
Blood
Pressure
12.5
Clinical
Conditions
12.5.1
Orthostatic
Syncope
and
Near-Syncope
12.5.2.
Postural
tachycardia
syndrome
(POTS)
12.6
Treatment
of
Orthostatic
Intolerance
12.6.1
General
measures
12.6.2
Non-pharmacological
treatment
strategies
12.6.3
Pharmacological
treatment
12.7
Clinical
perspectives
Chapter
13.
Cardiac
Syncope
13.1
Introduction
13.2
Prognosis
13.3
Identifying
a
'Cardiac
origin'
13.4
Cardiac
Conduction
System
Disease
and
Arrhythmias
13.4.1
Sinus
node
dysfunction
(SND).
13.4.2
Atrioventricular
conduction
disorders
13.4.2
Supraventricular
tachyarrhythmias
13.4.3
Ventricular
tachycardias
13.5
Structural
Cardiopulmonary
Diseases
13.5.1
Myocardial
Ischemia
13.5.2
Outflow
Tract
Obstruction
13.5.3
Other
cardiopulmonary
conditions
that
may
cause
syncope
13.6
Diagnostic
Strategies
13.6.1
Evaluation
In
or
Out
of
Hospital?
13.6.2
Specific
Testing
13.7
Treatment
13.7.1
Addressing
underlying
structural
disease
as
the
treatment
of
syncope
13.7.2
Addressing
underlying
structural
disease
is
not
feasible
or
adequate
13.8
Clinical
perspectives
Chapter
14
Conditions
that
mimic
syncope
14.1
Introduction
14.2
Syncope-Mimics
and
Pseudosyncope
14.3
Non-Syncope
T-LOC
14.3.1
Epilepsy
14.3.2
Concussion
14.3.3
Metabolic
and
endocrine
conditions
mimicking
syncope
14.4
Syncope
/
TLOC
Mimic
14.4.1
Somatization
Disorders
(Pseudosyncope,
'Pseudoseizures')
14.4.2
Cataplexy
14.4.3
Hyperventilation
14.4.3
Transient
ischemic
attacks
14.5
Clinical
perspectives
Chapter
15.
Unexplained
syncope
in
patients
with
high
risk
of
sudden
cardiac
death
15.1
Introduction
15.2
Ischaemic
and
non-ischaemic
cardiomyopathies
15.2.1
Pre-existing
established
indications
for
ICD
therapy
15.2.1
Not
pre-existing
established
indications
to
ICD
15.3
Hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy
15.4
Arrhythmogenic
right
ventricular
cardiomyopathy/dysplasia
15.5
Primary
electrical
diseases
15.5.1
Long
QT
syndrome
15.5.2
Brugada
syndrome
15.5.3
Catecholaminergic
polymorphic
ventricular
tachycardia
15.5.4
Short
QT
syndrome
15.6
Clinical
perspectives:
the
role
of
ICD
SECTION
TWO–
Syncope
management
in
clinical
practice:
How
to
Do
It
Chapter
16.
How
to.
Role
of
Questionnaires
and
Risk
Stratification
at
the
Initial
Evaluation
and
in
the
Emergency
Department
16.1
Case
Study
#
1
16.1.1
Initial
evaluation
16.1.2
Triage
and
subsequent
evaluation
16.2
Case
study
#2
16.2.1
Initial
evaluation
16.2.2
Subsequent
evaluation
Chapter
17.
How
to.
Carotid
sinus
massage
17.1
Anatomy
17.2
Methodology
and
response
to
carotid
sinus
massage-
The
“Method
of
symptoms”
17.3
Case
study
#3.
Predominant
cardioinhibitory
carotid
sinus
syndrome
Chapter
18.
How
to.
Tilt
testing
18.1
Background
18.2
Tilt
test
protocols
18.2.1
Passive
only
(the
Westmister
protocol)
18.2.2
Low
dose
Isoproterenol
challenge
18.2.3
Nitroglycerin
challenge
(the
Italian
protocol)
18.2.4
Clomipramine
challenge
18.3
Procedures
18.4
Case
study
#4.
Cardio-inhibitory
vasovagal
syncope
18.4.1
Results
from
the
initial
evaluation
18.4.2
Follow-up
Chapter
19.
How
to.
Prolonged
ECG
monitoring
19.1
Models
of
external
and
implantable
loop
recorders
19.2
Case
study
#
4.
Spontaneous
cardio-inhibitory
vasovagal
syncope
19.3
Case
study
#
5.
Spontaneous
syncope
without
heart
rate
variations
19.4
Case
study
#
6.
Differentiating
intrinsic
versus
extrinsic
intermittent
sinoatrial
block
19.5
Case
study
#
7.
Swallowing
syncope
19.5.1
Initial
evaluation
19.5.2
Management
19.6
Case
study
#
8.
Spontaneous
syncopal
Stock-Adam
attack
Chapter
20.
When
and
How:
Electrophysiological
Study
(EPS)
20.1
Introduction
20.2
EPS
indications
in
syncope
20.3
EPS
Techniques
20.3.1
Essential
Diagnostic
Measurements
20.3.2
Assessment
of
sinus
node
dysfunction
(SND)
20.3.3
EPS
and
Conduction
System
Disease
20.3.4
Supraventricular
tachycardias
20.3.4
Ventricular
tachycardias
(VT)
20.4
Ablation
of
arrhythmias
20.5
Clinical
Perspective
Chapter
21.
How
to.
Physical
Manoeuvres
for
Neural
Reflex
and
Orthostatic
Syncope
21.1
Counterpressure
manoeuvres
21.1.1
Instruction
for
use
(for
physicians)
21.1.2
Counseling
information
for
patients
(for
reflex
or
orthostatic
faints)
21.2
Instruction
sheet
for
the
patient
21.1.1
What
happens
during
vasovagal
syncope
(or
fainting)?
21.1.2
When
does
a
fainting-response
occur?
21.1.3
Symptoms
21.1.4
Advice
21.3
Tilt
training
(Standing-training)
21.4
Compression
stockings
and
abdominal
binders
21.4.1
Symptom
questionnaire
21.4.2
Acute
tilt-table
study
21.4.3
Follow-up.
Textul de pe ultima copertă
Syncope
has
many
possible
causes,
but
the
underlying
mechanism
of
loss
of
consciousness
is
transient
insufficiency
of
blood-flow
to
the
brain.
The
result
is
a
temporary
disturbance
of
brain
function
causing
loss
of
consciousness
and
collapse.
By
virtue
of
its
being
due
to
a
self-limited
hemodynamic
problem
resulting
for
example
from
a
heart
rhythm
problem,
or
a
drop
in
blood
pressure
of
other
cause,
syncope
differs
from
other
conditions
that
cause
loss
of
consciousness.A
multidisciplinary
approach
is
likely
to
be
most
effective
for
the
evaluation
and
treatment
of
syncope;
often
the
expertise
of
cardiologists,
neurologists,
emergency
medicine
specialists,
general
practitioners,
geriatricians
and
other
clinicians
is
needed.
However,
unfortunately,
each
of
these
sub-specialties
have
tended
to
develop
and
use
different
terminology,
methodology
and
management
guidelines;
this
has
complicated
effective
interaction
among
these
various
care-givers,
and
has
made
evaluation
and
treatment
of
affected
patients
more
complex.
This
volume,
represents
a
thorough
multidisciplinary
review
of
the
subject,
offering
recommendations
based
on
the
guidelines
as
well
as
experience
derived
from
the
various
sub-specialties.
It
begins
by
discussing
the
scientific
basis
behind
the
diverse
pathophysiology
of
conditions
that
may
cause
syncope,
and
reviews
the
optimal
clinical
management
pathways.
Later
sections
of
the
book
then
take
a
more
practical
approach,
defining
recommendations
for
the
practice
of
syncope
management
through
case
examples.
The
most
common
procedures
and
tests
are
discussed
along
with
their
indications,
methodology,
interpretation,
and
limitations.
This
book
has
been
designed
to
fulfill
the
needs
of
the
wide
range
of
medical
practitioners
involved
in
the
care
of
syncope
patients.
All
specialties
will
benefit
from
the
concentration
on
the
importance
of
medical
history
taking.
Emergency
room
physicians
and
internists
will
be
aided
by
the
focus
on
risk
stratification.
Cardiologists
and
cardiac
electrophysiologists
will
find
up-to-date
recommendations
regarding
the
indications
for
and
appropriate
interpretation
of
noninvasive
and
invasive
cardiac
testing.
Neurologists
and
psychiatrists
will
find
useful
the
sections
exploring
the
often
difficult
topic
of
distinguishing
true
syncope
from
other
important
conditions
that
may
present
as
transient
loss
of
consciousness.
Caracteristici
Thorough
multidisciplinary
guideline-based
review
of
the
topic
Discusses and reviews the evidence base behind diagnosis and management of syncope
Contains practical information for the management of syncope
Includes a number of case histories explaining the pearls and pitfalls
Discusses and reviews the evidence base behind diagnosis and management of syncope
Contains practical information for the management of syncope
Includes a number of case histories explaining the pearls and pitfalls
Recenzii
Notă biografică
Dr. Michele Brignole was the Head of Cardiology at the Arrhythmologic Centre, Ospedali Tigullio in Lavagna, Genoa. At present, he his coordinator of the Faint&Fall Centre at the IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy. He is member of the European Society of Cardiology and memebr of the board of the GIMSI (Multidisiplinary Italian Association for the stydy of Syncope). He is the chairman of the Task Force on Syncope of the European Society of Cardiology.
Dr. David Benditt received his undergraduate education in electrical engineering and his M.D. from the University of Manitoba. After completing fellowships in general cardiology and cardiac electrophysiology at the Duke University Medical Center in Durham, North Carolina, Dr. Benditt joined the faculty of the University of Minnesota Cardiovascular Division, where he established the Cardiac Arrhythmia Center (CAC). The CAC’s mission supports basic and clinical research on the causes, diagnoses, and treatments of cardiac arrhythmias, syncope (fainting disorders), and sudden cardiac death.