Solid Earth Geomagnetism: Developments in Earth and Planetary Sciences, cartea 5

1 Main Magnetic Field of the Earth.- 1.1 Early History of Geomagnetism.- 1.2 Distribution of the Geomagnetic Field.- 1.3 Spherical Harmonic Analysis of the Geomagnetic Field.- 1.4 Dipole and Non-Dipole Fields.- 1.5 International Geomagnetic Reference Field.- 1.6 Satellite Magnetic Survey.- 2 Secular Variation of the Geomagnetic Field.- 2.1 Secular Variation in Historical Times.- 2.2 World Distribution of Secular Variation.- 2.3 Decrease in the Earth’s Dipole Moment.- 2.4 Westward Drift of the Non-Dipole Field.- 2.5 Northward Shift of the Dipole.- 2.6 Drifting and Standing Non-Dipole Fields.- 2.7 Change in the Rate of the Earth’s Rotation and Geomagnetic Secular Variation.- 3 Paleomagnetism.- 3.1 Natural Remanent Magnetization.- 3.2 Paleosecular Variation.- 3.3 Reversal of the Geomagnetic Field.- 3.4 Geomagnetic Polarity Stratigraphy.- 3.5 Morphology of Transitional Field.- 3.6 Polar Wandering and Continental Drift.- 4 Theories of Origin of the Geomagnetic Field.- 4.1 Basic Concept of the Dynamo.- 4.2 Hydromagnetic Equations for the Dynamo.- 4.3 Physical Conditions Necessary for a Dynamo Process.- 4.4 Kinematic Dynamo Models.- 4.5 Hydromagnetic Dynamo Models.- 4.6 Non-Steady Behavior of Some Dynamo Models and Mechanism of Magnetic Field Reversal.- 4.7 Energy for the Geomagnetic Dynamo.- 4.8 Non-Dipole Field and Its Westward Drift.- 5 Magnetic Fields of the Moon and Planets.- 5.1 History of Measurement of the Lunar Magnetic Field.- 5.2 Magnetic Moment of the Moon.- 5.3 Magnetic Field Measurement on the Lunar Surface.- 5.4 Subsatellite Measurement of the Lunar Magnetic Field.- 5.5 Magnetic Permeability of the Moon as a Whole.- 5.6 General Magnetic Properties of the Appolo Rock Samples.- 5.7 Natural Remanent Magnetism of the Appolo Rock Samples.- 5.8 Origin of the LunarMagnetic Field.- 5.9 Magnetic Field of Planets.- 6 Local Geomagnetic Anomalies.- 6.1 Magnetic Anomalies on Land.- 6.2 Marine Magnetic Anomalies.- 6.3 Magnetized Bodies and Their Magnetic Fields.- 6.4 Magnetic Anomalies and Plate Tectonics.- 6.5 Magnetic Anomaly of Long Wavelength.- 7 Tectonomagnetism.- 7.1 Local Geomagnetic Changes Associated with Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions.- 7.2 Rock Magnetization Change due to Stress.- 7.3 Theories of Seismomagnetic and Volcanomagnetic Effects.- 7.4 Magnetic Field Generation due to the Electrokinetic Effect.- 7.5 Methods of Detecting Tectonomagnetic Changes.- 8 Geomagnetic Variation of External Origin and Electromagnetic Induction.- 8.1 Solar Daily Variation.- 8.2 Lunar Daily Variation.- 8.3 Geomagnetic Storms.- 8.4 Substorm and Bay-Type Variation.- 8.5 Micropulsations.- 8.6 Geomagnetic Variations of Long Period.- 9 Electromagnetic Induction in a Spherical Conductor.- 9.1 Fundamental Equations.- 9.2 Conductor of Spherical Symmetry.- 9.3 Nearly Spherical Conductor.- 9.4 Thin Spherical Shell.- 9.5 Electromagnetic Induction by a Progressive Magnetic Field.- 10 Global Distribution of Electrical Conductivity in the Earth and Moon.- 10.1 Uniform Sphere Models.- 10.2 Non-Uniform Sphere Models.- 10.3 Inverse Problem.- 10.4 Geomagnetic Secular Variation and the Electrical Conductivity of the Lower Mantle.- 10.5 Electrical Conductivity of the Earth’s Core.- 10.6 Overall Distribution of the Electrical Conductivity within the Earth.- 10.7 Electrical Conductivity of the Moon.- 10.8 Electrical Conductivity of Lunar Rock Samples.- 10.9 Temperature and Electrical Conductivity.- 10.10 Phase Transformation and Electrical Conductivity.- 11 Electromagnetic Induction in a Plane Conductor.- 11.1 Price’s Theory.- 11.2 Relation between Externaland Internal Fields.- 11.3 Non-Uniform Semi-Infinite Conductor.- 11.4. Thin Plane Sheet.- 11.5 Thin Sheet Underlain by a Conductor.- 11.6 Thin Circular Disk.- 11.7 Inverse Problem.- 12 Electrical Conductivity Anomalies.- 12.1 Anomalies of Short-Period Geomagnetic Variation.- 12.2 Effects of Sea-Water and Sediments.- 12.3 Magnetotellurics.- 12.4 Conductivity Anomalies in Continents.- 12.5 Conductivity Anomalies Beneath Oceans.- 12.6 Geophysical Implication of Conductivity Anomaly.- 12.7 Time-Dependent Conductivity Anomaly.- References.