Science Ltd. de Andrea Borghini

Science Ltd.: Research Enterprise in the Age of Machines

Andrea Borghini

Simone Severini

en Limba Engleză Paperback – 18 mar 2026

Science Ltd. examines the evolving relationship between scientific knowledge, technology, and society in an era where deep-tech companies are increasingly driven by discoveries rather than market demand. Written from the perspective of metascientific entrepreneurs, this timely work explores how scientific research struggles to balance profit with truth, individual objectives with collective values, and human creativity with machine capabilities. This book addresses the undisputed influence of science in contemporary society while questioning the sustainability of current research paradigms.
Science Ltd. tackles critical operational questions about modern science: How is scientific knowledge produced and prioritized? How are research funds distributed? What constitutes effective dissemination and application of discoveries? Chapters examine the journey from laboratory innovation to commercial implementation while exploring two fundamental challenges facing the scientific community. First, the urgent need to reform scientific practices, particularly by rethinking academic publishing and research funding models to create more open and sustainable science. Second, the complex prospect of human-machine collaboration in research, moving beyond traditional instruments to AI assistants with capabilities that exceed human limitations. Enriched with expert interviews and real-world anecdotes, this book provides both practical insights and speculative analysis of science’s automated future.
This accessible work is designed for researchers, entrepreneurs, policymakers, and anyone curious about the intersection of science and technology. It serves academics seeking to understand contemporary research dynamics, industry professionals navigating the deep-tech landscape, and general readers interested in how scientific discovery shapes society. This book offers valuable perspectives for those involved in research funding, science policy, and technology transfer, while remaining engaging for anyone concerned about the future of human-driven versus machine-assisted scientific innovation.

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Cuprins

Prologue Chapter 1: “Science”: Notes on Science as a Dynamic Activity for Describing and Predicting 1.1 The Practical Value of Science 1.1.1 Exploration and Prediction 1.1.2 Phenomena 1.1.3 Between Practice and Theory 1.2 Scientific Languages 1.2.1 Preliminary Considerations 1.2.2 The Value of Formalization 1.3 Language and Epistemic Value 1.3.1 Communicability and Verifiability 1.3.2 Compactness 1.3.3 Applicability 1.3.4 The Uselessness of Science 1.4 Formal and Applied Truths 1.4.1 Formal Language as a Regulative Ideal 1.4.2 The Limits of Formal Language (through Machines) 1.4.3 Psychological Certainty rather than Truth 1.5 Limitations 1.5.1 The Language of Mathematics Is Fallible 1.5.2 Intractable Problems and Undecidable Problems 1.5.3 Scientific Discovery and the Dynamism of Knowledge Chapter 2: “Technology”: Notes on Technology as the Activity of Building Machines and Procedures to Operate Them 2.1 In the Sea of Technologies 2.1.1 First Intuitions 2.1.2 Observation and Practical Reason 2.1.3 Formulation and Discovery 2.1.4 Serendipitous Discoveries 2.2 Utility, Utopia, Dystopia 2.2.1 Primary and Secondary Technologies 2.2.2 Five Parameters 2.2.3 Storytelling and Technology 2.3 Science and Technology 2.3.1 A Complex Relationship 2.3.2 Impact on Society Chapter 3: Making Science: Notes on How to Support Research while Avoiding Bias and Gossip 3.1 Publishing Today 3.1.1 The Primacy of the Scientific Article 3.1.2 The Literary Form of the Scientific Article 3.1.3 The Peer-Review Process 3.1.4 The Value of Publication 3.2 Looking for Alternatives 3.2.1 Against Peer Review 3.2.2 Open-Ended Scientific Articles 3.2.3 Reputation, Gossip, and Trust 3.2.4 Trust in Science as a Public Value 3.3 Research Funding 3.3.1 Support for Research, Quality, and Quantity 3.3.2 Access Criteria: Degrees and Types of Breakthroughs 3.3.3 The Importance of Context and the Streetlight Effect 3.3.4 How to Improve the System? Chapter 4: Machines for Science: Notes on the Scalability and Sustainability of the Scientific and Technological Enterprise 4.1 Scalability of Science 4.1.1 Technology in Mathematics 4.1.2 Science in a Graph? 4.1.3 Technology in a Graph? 4.1.4 A Science Database 4.1.5 Androids as Muses for Humans or Humans as Muses for Androids? 4.1.6 Science on a Hyperscale 4.1.7 Android Creativity and Human Creativity 4.2 Sustainability of Science 4.2.1 Phronesis 4.2.2 Innovation 4.2.3 Communicability 4.2.4 Risk 4.2.5 The Last Mile 4.2.6 Ordinariness Chapter 5: Epilogue: Notes on How to Guide the Construction of Machines for Future Science 5.1 Machines and People 5.2 Science for a House of Solomon 5.3 Draft of a Solomon's Almanac 5.3.1 What Is Science? 5.3.2 Science Done by Machines 5.3.3 What Is Technology? 5.3.4 Science and Technology I 5.3.5 Science and Technology II 5.3.6 The Value of Technology 5.3.7 The Role of Machines 5.3.8 The Role of Metascience 5.3.9 The Scientific Article 5.3.10 Science for Science's Sake 5.3.11 Science in a Relational Structure (Science beyond Scientific Literature 5.3.12 The Breakthrough 5.3.13 Funding Processes 5.3.14 The Context 5.3.15 Scalability 5.3.16 Words to Bet On 5.4 A Call to Action