The large macromolecules which consist of long chains of amino acid residues are known as proteins. Peptide bonds are responsible for keeping individual amino acid residues together. Different proteins have different sequences of amino acids, which are governed by the sequence of nucleotide of their genes. Protein science refers to the application of various methods which are used to analyze the function, structure, and biochemical significance of proteins. This is achieved using different techniques such as protein purification, cellular localization, proteomics, structure determination, bioinformatics and chemical analysis. Proteins are responsible for carrying out a large variety of functions like transportation of molecules, catalysis of metabolic reactions, responding to stimuli and DNA replication. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to protein science, their architecture and their function. It aims to present researches that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. This book aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.