Optical and Wireless Convergence for 5g Networks

ABDELGADER M. ABDALLA, PHD, is a Senior Researcher at the Instituto de Telecomunicações, Aveiro, Portugal. He is acting as a work package leader/task leader for two ECSEL Innovation Actions European projects. He is also playing a leading international role on optical-wireless convergence research. JONATHAN RODRIGUEZ, PHD, is a Principal Investigator and founder of the Mobile Systems Research Lab at the Instituto de Telecomunicações, Aveiro, Portugal. He is also a full Professor at the University of South Wales, UK. ISSA ELFERGANI, PHD, is a Senior Researcher at the Instituto de Telecomunicações, Aveiro, Portugal, working as technical manager and work package leader on several national and international projects. He is an expert on Radio Communication. ANTONIO TEIXEIRA, PHD, is a Professor at the University of Aveiro and Principal Investigator at the Instituto de Telecomunicações, Portugal. He was with Nokia Siemens Networks and Coriant as a standardization expert in the field of optical access. He holds an EC in management and leadership from MIT Sloan School.

About the Editors xiii
List of Contributors xvii
Preface xxxi
Acknowledgments xxxiii
Introduction xxxv
1 Towards a Converged Optical-Wireless Fronthaul/Backhaul Solution for 5G Networks and Beyond 1
Isiaka Ajewale Alimi, Nelson Jesus Muga, Abdelgader M. Abdalla, Cátia Pinho, Jonathan Rodriguez, Paulo Pereira Monteiro, and Antonio Luís Teixeira
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Cellular Network Interface and Solution 2
1.3 5G Enabling Technologies 4
1.4 Fiber-Wireless Network Convergence 9
1.5 Radio-Over-Fiber Transmission Scheme 10
1.6 Optical MBH/MFH Transport Network Multiplexing Schemes 11
1.7 Wireless based MFH/MBH 16
1.8 Experimental Channel Measurement and Characterization 21
1.9 Results and Discussions 23
1.10 Conclusion 24
Acknowledgments 24
Bibliography 25
2 Hybrid Fiber Wireless (HFW) Extension for GPON Toward 5G 31
Rattana Chuenchom, Andreas Steffan, Robert G. Walker, Stephen J. Clements, Yigal Leiba, Andrzej Banach, Mateusz Lech, and Andreas Stöhr
2.1 Introduction 31
2.2 Passive Optical Network 32
2.3 Transparent Wireless Extension of Optical Links 33
2.4 Key Enabling Photonic and Electronic Technologies 36
2.5 Field Trial for a 2.5 Gbit s¿1 GPON over Wireless 46
2.6 Conclusions 53
Bibliography 54
3 Software Defined Networking and Network Function Virtualization for Converged Access-Metro Networks 57
Marco Ruffini and Frank Slyne
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 The 5G Requirements Driving Network Convergence and Virtualization 58
3.3 Access and Metro Convergence 61
3.4 Functional Convergence and Virtualization of the COs 66
3.5 Conclusions 73
Bibliography 74
4 Multicore Fibres for 5G Fronthaul Evolution 79
Ivana Gasulla and José Capmany
4.1 Why 5G Communications Demand Optical Space-Division Multiplexing 79
4.2 Multicore Fibre Transmission Review 81
4.3 Radio Access Networks Using Multicore Fibre Links 84
4.4 Microwave Signal Processing Enabled by Multicore Fibers 90
4.5 Final Remarks 97
Bibliography 97
5 Enabling VLC and WiFi Network Technologies and Architectures Toward 5G 101
Isiaka Ajewale Alimi, Abdelgader M. Abdalla, Jonathan Rodriguez, Paulo Pereira Monteiro, Antonio Luís Teixeira, Stanislav Zvánovec, and Zabih Ghassemlooy
5.1 Introduction 101
5.2 Optical Wireless Systems 103
5.3 Visible Light Communication (VLC) System Fundamentals 105
5.4 VLC Current and Anticipated Future Applications 107
5.5 Hybrid VLC and RF Networks 116
5.6 Challenges and Open-Ended Issues 117
5.7 Conclusions 118
Acknowledgments 118
Bibliography 118
6 5G RAN: Key Radio Technologies and Hardware Implementation Challenges 123
Hassan Hamdoun, Mohamed Hamid, Shoaib Amin, and Hind Dafallah
6.1 Introduction 123
6.2 5G NR Enabled Use Cases 124
6.3 5G RAN Radio Enabling Technologies 126
6.4 Hardware Impairments 131
6.5 Technology and Fabrication Challenges 135
6.6 Conclusion 135
Bibliography 136
7 Millimeter Wave Antenna Design for 5G Applications 139
Issa Elfergani, Abubakar Sadiq Hussaini, Abdelgader M. Abdalla, Jonathan Rodriguez, and Raed Abd-Alhameed
7.1 Introduction 139
7.2 Antenna Design and Procedure 142
7.3 Antenna Optimization and Analysis 143
7.4 Millimeter Wave Antenna Design with Notched Frequency Band 146
7.5 Millimeter Wave Antenna Design with Loaded Capacitor 148
7.6 Conclusion 152
Acknowledgments 153
Bibliography 153
8 Wireless Signal Encapsulation in a Seamless Fiber-Millimeter Wave System 157
Pham Tien Dat, Atsushi Kanno, Naokatsu Yamamoto, and Testuya Kawanishi
8.1 Introduction 157
8.2 Principle of Signal Encapsulation 158
8.3 Examples of Signal Encapsulation 162
8.4 Conclusion 174
Bibliography 175
9 5G Optical Sensing Technologies 179
Seedahmed S. Mahmoud, Bernhard Koziol, and Jusak Jusak
9.1 Introduction 179
9.2 Optical Fibre Communication Network: Intrusion Methods 182
9.3 Physical Protection of Optical Fiber Communication Cables 183
9.4 Design Considerations and Performance Characteristics 189
9.5 Conclusions 192
Bibliography 192
10 The Tactile Internet over 5G FiWi Architectures 197
Amin Ebrahimzadeh, Mahfuzulhoq Chowdhury, and Martin Maier
10.1 Introduction 197
10.2 The TI: State of the Art and Open Challenges 203
10.3 Related Work 206
10.4 HITL Centric Teleoperation over AI Enhanced FiWi Networks 207
10.5 HART Centric Task Allocation over Multi-Robot FiWi Based TI Infrastructures 213
10.6 Conclusions 219
Bibliography 220
11 Energy Efficiency in the Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) for 5G Mobile Networks: Opportunities and Challenges 225
Isiaka Ajewale Alimi, Abdelgader M. Abdalla, Akeem Olapade Mufutau, Fernando Pereira Guiomar, Ifiok Otung, Jonathan Rodriguez, Paulo Pereira Monteiro, and Antonio Luís Teixeira
11.1 Introduction 225
11.2 Standardized Energy Efficiency Metric (Green Metric) 229
11.3 Green Design for Energy Crunch Prevention in 5G Networks 232
11.4 Fiber Based Energy Efficient Network 237
11.5 System and Power Consumption Model 238
11.6 Simulation Results and Discussions 243
11.7 Conclusion 245
Acknowledgments 245
Bibliography 245
12 Fog Computing Enhanced Fiber-Wireless Access Networks in the 5G Era 249
Bhaskar Prasad Rimal and Martin Maier
12.1 Background and Motivation 249
12.2 Fog Computing Enhanced FiWi Networks 257
12.3 Analysis 259
12.4 Implementation and Validation 263
12.5 Conclusions and Outlook 267
12.5.1 Conclusions 267
12.5.2 Outlook 267
Bibliography 268
13 Techno-economic and Business Feasibility Analysis of 5G Transport Networks 273
Forough Yaghoubi, Mozhgan Mahloo, Lena Wosinska, Paolo Monti, Fabricio S. Farias, Joao C. W. A. Costa, and Jiajia Chen
13.1 Introduction 273
13.2 Mobile Backhaul Technologies 275
13.3 Techno-economic Framework 278
13.4 Case Study 284
13.5 Conclusion 292
Bibliography 293
Index 297