The papers collected in this volume are based on the best contributions to theconference of the Italian Society for Logic and Philosophy of Science (SILFS)that took place in Milan on 8-10 October 2007. The aim of the Society, since itsfoundation in 1952, has always been that of bringing together scholars - working in the broad areas of Logic, Philosophy of Science and History of Science - who share an open-minded approach to their disciplines and regard themas essentially requiring continuous confrontation and bridge-building to avoidthe danger of over-specialism. In this perspective, logicians and philosophersof science should not indulge in inventing and cherishing their own "internalproblems" - although these may occasionally be an opportunity for conceptual clarification - but should primarily look at the challenging conceptual andmethodological questions that arise in any genuine attempt to extend our objective knowledge. As Ludovico Geymonat used to put it: "[good] philosophyshould be sought in the folds of science itself".Contributions are distributed into six sections, five of which - "Logic andComputing", "Physics and Mathematics", "Life Sciences", "Economics and Social Sciences", "Neuroscience and Philosophy of Mind" - are devoted to the discussion of cutting-edge problems that arise from current-day scientific research, while the remaining section on "General Philosophy of Science" is focused on foundational and methodological questions that are common to all areas.