Polyhydroxyalkanoate(s) (PHA) are a group of natural biopolymers which are synthesised by a wide variety of microbial genera. PHA are biodegradable and biocompatible thermoplastics consisting of a repeated chain of various hydroxyalkanoate monomers. PHA are envisioned to be one of the most promising and futuristic materials which will be beneficial to mankind and the world. Current world trends are focused on sustainable development from renewable and eco-friendly resources; hence, PHA have garnered growing attention as an alternative to petroleum-based plastics. 'Microbial-based Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Upstream and Downstream Processing' has two main objectives: firstly, the major pipelines in processing this beneficial biopolymer are reviewed from upstream to downstream. The upstream processing section includes the isolation of PHA producers, biosynthesis of PHA, genetic modification of PHA producers and optimisation of PHA production; while the downstream processing review covers PHA recovery and purification, degradation, quantification, characterisation, as well as the applications of PHA. Readers will be exposed to introductory information, along with some necessary concepts behind each subject. The second objective of this book is to provide readers with the recent advances on each PHA processing field. Being updated with recent findings will provide readers with an insight into how the research trends for each subject are evolving over time. These updates will become useful case studies and quick references to readers from various areas of academia and industry.