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Liquid Crystal Displays de Ernst Lueder

Liquid Crystal Displays

Autor Ernst Lueder, Peter Knoll, Seung Hee Lee
en Limba Engleză Hardback – 4 apr 2022

Adresat inginerilor electroniști, fizicienilor și proiectanților de sisteme de afișare, Liquid Crystal Displays reprezintă standardul de aur în literatura tehnică dedicată tehnologiei cristalelor lichide. Observăm în această a treia ediție o actualizare masivă a fundamentelor teoretice și a proceselor de fabricație, reflectând saltul tehnologic către rezoluții ultra-înalte. Structura lucrării este riguroasă, pornind de la proprietățile anizotrope ale materialelor și ajungând la complexitatea adresării prin tranzistori cu peliculă subțire (TFT). Descoperim capitole noi, esențiale pentru industria actuală, care tratează integrarea LCD-urilor în ecranele tactile și sistemele de realitate augmentată (AR) sau virtuală (VR). Spre deosebire de Addressing Techniques of Liquid Crystal Displays, care se concentrează strict pe metodele de control și drivere, lucrarea de față oferă o perspectivă sistemică, îmbinând fizica dispozitivelor cu implementarea practică. De asemenea, abordarea este mult mai tehnică și orientată spre calcul cantitativ față de Fundamentals of Liquid Crystal Devices, care păstrează un caracter introductiv. În contextul operei autorilor, Ernst Lueder continuă explorarea tehnologiilor vizuale începută în 3D Displays, trecând însă aici la o analiză mult mai granulară a componentelor electro-optice. Cartea excelează prin echilibrul dintre modelarea matematică și specificațiile industriale, oferind seturi complete de ecuații necesare pentru dezvoltarea panourilor de înaltă performanță și eficiență energetică, inclusiv noi date despre mobilitatea semiconductorilor în circuitele de adresare.

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Specificații

ISBN-13: 9781119667919
ISBN-10: 1119667917
Pagini: 640
Dimensiuni: 170 x 244 x 35 mm
Greutate: 1.2 kg
Ediția:3rd edition
Editura: Wiley
Locul publicării:Chichester, United Kingdom

De ce să citești această carte

Această resursă este indispensabilă pentru profesioniștii care proiectează hardware de afișare. Cititorul câștigă o înțelegere profundă a fizicii cristalelor lichide și a noilor tehnologii Oxide TFT. Este un instrument practic pentru optimizarea consumului de energie și a rezoluției în dispozitive mobile, auto sau VR, oferind suport matematic complet pentru implementări industriale complexe.

Despre autor

Ernst Lueder este o autoritate recunoscută în domeniul tehnologiei afișajelor, fiind profesor emerit și cercetător cu o vastă experiență în microelectronică. Alături de Peter Knoll și Seung Hee Lee, acesta a contribuit fundamental la dezvoltarea standardelor industriale pentru ecranele plate. Expertiza sa acoperă atât aspectele teoretice ale fizicii solidului, cât și aplicațiile practice în ingineria sistemelor de afișare 3D și LCD. Cei trei autori combină perspective academice și industriale, oferind o viziune completă asupra evoluției tehnologiei display-urilor de la primele celule TN până la sistemele complexe de astăzi.

Descriere scurtă

The new edition of the gold-standard in both teaching and referencing the fundamentals of LCD technologies
Liquid Crystal Displays: Addressing Schemes and Electro-Optical Effects presents an up-to-date view of modern LCD technology. Offering balanced coverage of all major aspects of the field, this comprehensive volume provides the theoretical and practical information required for the development and manufacture of high-performance, energy-efficient LCDs. Detailed yet accessible chapters cover a uniquely broad range of topics, from the basic physics of liquid crystal materials to their application in various electro-optic devices.
Fully revised and updated to reflect the most recent developments in the industry, the third edition incorporates new technologies and applications throughout. Several brand-new chapters discuss topics such as the application of high-mobility TFT-semiconductors in LCD addressing, liquid crystal displays in automotive instrument clusters and touch-screen systems, and the use of ultra-high-resolution LCD panels in augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) displays. Providing the most authoritative account of LCD technology currently available, this practical reference and guide:
  • Provides a complete account of commercially relevant LCD technologies, including their physics, mathematical descriptions, and electronic addressing
    • Features extensively revised and expanded information, including more than 150 pages of new material
    • Includes the addition of Oxide Transistors and their increased mobilities, the advances of fringe field switching and an overview of automotive displays
    • Includes a wealth of graphics, charts, diagrams, and figures supporting core material
    • Presents quantitative results with full equation sets, their derivation, and tabular summaries of related information sets Liquid Crystal Displays: Addressing Schemes and Electro-Optical Effects, Third Edition is a must-have resource for electrical engineers, physicists, chemists, and other professionals working in display development and manufacturing, as well as for graduate students in display systems courses or involved in research.

    • Notă biografică

    Ernst Lueder is Professor Emeritus, Department of Electrical Communications, University of Stuttgart, Germany, where he was Director of the Institute of Network and Systems Theory. Now retired, he has authored more than 200 publications on LCDs, network and system theory and optimization, and sensors and electro- optical signal processing. Peter Knoll was employed at Robert Bosch GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany, from 1980 until his retirement in 2006. He is now a retired Associate Professor for Driver Assistance Systems and associated Human Machine Interaction at the KIT, formerly University of Karlsruhe, Germany. Seung Hee Lee is Professor, Jeonbuk National University, South Korea. He has invented fringe-field switching (FFS) liquid crystal device, which is widely used in all high-end liquid crystal displays. He has received several major awards such as the Merck Award-Major from the Korean Information Display Society, Jan Rajchman Prize from the Society of Information Display.

    Cuprins

    Series Editor's Preface to the Third Edition Foreword to the Second Edition Preface to the Third Edition Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition About the Authors 1 Introduction 1 2 Liquid Crystal Materials and Liquid Crystal Cells 3 2.1 Properties of Liquid Crystals 3 2.1.1 Shape and phases of liquid crystals 3 2.1.2 Material properties of anisotropic liquid crystals 6 2.2 The Operation of a Twisted Nematic LCD 11 2.2.1 The electro-optical effects in transmissive twisted nematic LC cells 11 2.2.2 The addressing of LCDs by TFTs 18 3 Electro-optic Effects in Untwisted Nematic Liquid Crystals 21 3.1 The Planar and Harmonic Wave of Light 21 3.2 Propagation of Polarized Light in Birefringent Untwisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Cells 26 3.2.1 The propagation of light in a Fre¿edericksz cell 26 3.2.2 The transmissive Fre¿edericksz cell 31 3.2.3 The reflective Fre¿edericksz cell 37 3.2.4 The Fre¿edericksz cell as a phase-only modulator 39 3.2.5 The DAP cell or the vertically aligned cell 42 3.2.6 The HAN cell 44 3.2.7 The p cell 46 3.2.8 Switching dynamics of untwisted nematic LCDs 48 3.2.9 Fast blue phase liquid crystals 54 4 Electro-optic Effects in Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystals 57 4.1 The Propagation of Polarized Light in Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Cells 57 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL 4.2 The Various Types of TN Cells 67 4.2.1 The regular TN cell 67 4.2.2 The supertwisted nematic LC cell (STN-LCD) 70 4.2.3 The mixed mode twisted nematic cell (MTN cell) 74 4.2.4 Reflective TN cells 76 4.3 Electronically Controlled Birefringence for the Generation of Colour 80 5 Descriptions of Polarization 83 5.1 The Characterizations of Polarization 83 5.2 A Differential Equation for the Propagation of Polarized Light through Anisotropic Media 91 5.3 Special Cases for Propagation of Light 95 5.3.1 Incidence of linearly polarized light 95 5.3.2 Incident light is circularly polarized 97 6 Propagation of Light with an Arbitrary Incident Angle through Anisotropic Media 99 6.1 Basic Equations for the Propagation of Light 99 6.2 Enhancement of the Performance of LC Cells 107 6.2.1 The degradation of picture quality 107 6.2.2 Optical compensation foils for the enhancement of picture quality 109 6.2.2.1 The enhancement of contrast 109 6.2.2.2 Compensation foils for LC molecules with different optical axis 110 6.2.3 Suppression of grey shade inversion and the preservation of grey shade stability 115 6.2.4 Fabrication of compensation foils 116 6.3 Electro-optic Effects with Wide Viewing Angle 116 6.3.1 Multidomain pixels 116 6.3.2 In-plane switching 117 6.3.3 Optically compensated bend cells 119 6.4 Multidomain VA Cells, Especially for TV 121 6.4.1 The torque generated by an electric field 122 6.4.2 The requirements for a VA display, especially for TV 124 6.4.2.1 The speeds of operation 124 6.4.2.2 Colour shift, change in contrast and image sticking 124 6.4.3 VA cells for TV applications 129 6.4.3.1 Multidomain VA cells with protrusions (MVAs) 129 6.4.3.2 Patterned VA cells (PVAs) 130 6.4.3.3 PVA cells with two subpixels (CS-S-PVAs) 132 6.4.3.4 Cell technologies avoiding a delayed optical response 136 - Polymer sustained alignment (PSA) 136 - Mountain shaped cell surface 137 6.4.3.5 The continuous pinwheel alignment (CPA) 139 6.5 Polarizers with Increased Luminous Output 140 6.5.1 A reflective linear polarizer 140 6.5.2 A reflective polarizer working with circularly polarized light 141 6.6 Two Non-birefringent Foils 142 7 Modified Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays 145 7.1 Polymer Dispersed LCDs (PDLCDs) 145 7.1.1 The operation of a PDLCD 145 7.1.2 Applications of PDLCDs 149 7.2 Guest-Host Displays 150 7.2.1 The operation of Guest-Host Displays 150 7.2.2 Reflective Guest-Host Displays 154 8 Bistable Liquid Crystal Displays 159 8.1 Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Displays (FLCDs) 159 8.2 Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays 168 8.3 Bistable Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays 174 8.3.1 Bistable twist cells 174 8.3.2 Grating aligned nematic devices 175 8.3.3 Monostable surface anchoring switching 177 9 Continuously Light Modulating Ferroelectric Displays 179 9.1 Deformed Helix Ferroelectric Devices 179 9.2 Antiferroelectric LCDs 181 10 Addressing Schemes for Liquid Crystal Displays 185 11 Direct Addressing 189 12 Passive Matrix Addressing of TN Displays 191 12.1 The Basic Addressing Scheme and the Law of Alt and Pleshko 191 12.2 Implementation of PM Addressing 196 12.3 Multiple Line Addressing 201 12.3.1 The basic equations 201 12.3.2 Waveforms for the row selection 203 12.3.3 Column voltage for MLA 205 12.3.4 Implementation of multi-line addressing 206 12.3.5 Modified PM addressing of STN cells 210 12.3.5.1 Decreased levels of addressing voltages 210 12.3.5.2 Contrast and grey shades for MLA 212 12.4 Two Frequency Driving of PMLCDs 218 13 Passive Matrix Addressing of Bistable Displays 223 13.1 Addressing of Ferroelectric LCDs 223 13.1.1 The V-tmin addressing scheme 225 13.1.2 The V-1/t addressing scheme 226 13.1.3 Reducing crosstalk in FLCDs 228 13.1.4 Ionic effects during addressing 228 13.2 Addressing of Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays 231 14 Addressing of Liquid Crystal Displays with a-Si Thin Film Transistors (a-Si-TFTs) 239 14.1 Properties of a-Si Thin Film Transistors 239 14.2 Static Operation of TFTs in an LCD 244 14.3 The Dynamics of Switching by TFTs 252 14.4 Bias-Temperature Stress Test of TFTs 259 14.5 Drivers for AMLCDs 260 14.6 The Entire Addressing System 266 14.7 Layouts of Pixels with TFT Switches 269 14.8 Fabrication Processes of a-Si TFTs 272 14.9 Addressing of VA Displays 277 14.9.1 Overshoot and undershoot driving of LCDs 277 14.9.2 The dynamic capacitance compensation (DCC) 281 14.9.3 Fringe field accelerated decay of luminance 288 14.9.4 The addressing of two subpixels 292 14.9.5 Biased vertical alignment (BVA) 295 14.10 Motion Blur 298 14.10.1 Causes, characterization and remedies of blur 298 14.10.2 Systems with decreased blur 310 14.10.2.1 Edge enhancement for reduced blur 310 14.10.2.2 Black insertion techniques 312 14.10.2.3 Scanning backlights 313 14.10.2.4 Higher frame rates for reducing blur 315 14.10.3 Modelling of blur 320 14.11 The Optical Response of a VA Cell 329 14.12 Reduction of the Optical Response Time by a Special Addressing Waveform 334 15 Addressing of LCDs with Poly-Si TFTs 339 15.1 Fabrication Steps for Top- and Bottom-Gate Poly-Si TFTs 340 15.2 Laser Crystallization by Scanning or Large Area Anneal 344 15.3 Lightly Doped Drains for Poly-Si TFTs 345 15.4 The Kink Effect and its Suppression 347 15.5 Circuits with Poly-Si TFTs 349 16 Liquid Crystal on Silicon Displays 353 16.1 Fabrication of LCOS with DRAM-Type Analog Addressing 353 16.2 SRAM-Type Digital Addressing of LCOS 355 16.3 Microdisplays Using LCOS Technology 360 17 Addressing of Liquid Crystal Displays with Metal-Insulator-Metal Pixel Switches 363 18 Addressing of LCDs with Two-Terminal Devices and Optical, Plasma, Laser and e-beam Techniques 373 19 Components of LCD Cells 381 19.1 Additive Colours Generated by Absorptive Photosensitive Pigmented Colour Filters 381 19.2 Additive and Subtractive Colours Generated by Reflective Dichroic Colour Filters 383 19.3 Colour Generation by Three Stacked Displays 385 19.4 LED Backlights 386 19.4.1 The advantages of LEDs as backlights 386 19.4.2 LED technology 386 19.4.3 Optics for LED backlights 395 19.4.4 Special applications for LED backlights 405 19.4.4.1 Saving power and realizing scanning with LED backlights 405 19.4.4.2 Field sequential displays with LED backlights 407 19.4.4.3 Active matrix addressed LED backlights 409 19.4.5 The electronic addressing of LEDs 409 19.5 Cell Assembly 411 20 Projectors with Liquid Crystal Light Valves 415 20.1 Single Transmissive Light Valve Systems 415 20.1.1 The basic single light valve system 415 20.1.2 The field sequential colour projector 416 20.1.3 A single panel scrolling projector 417 20.1.4 Single light valve projector with angular colour separation 418 20.1.5 Single light valve projectors with a colour grating 418 20.2 Systems with Three Light Valves 420 20.2.1 Projectors with three transmissive light valves 420 20.2.2 Projectors with three reflective light valves 421 20.2.3 Projectors with three LCOS light valves 422 20.3 Projectors with Two LC Light Valves 422 20.4 A Rear Projector with One or Three Light Valves 422 20.5 A Projector with Three Optically Addressed Light Valves 423 21 Liquid Crystal Displays with Plastic Substrates 427 21.1 Advantages of Plastic Substrates 427 21.2 Plastic Substrates and their Properties 428 21.3 Barrier Layers for Plastic Substrates 429 21.4 Thermo-Mechanical Problems with Plastics 430 21.5 Fabrication of TFTs and MIMs at Low Process Temperatures 435 21.5.1 Fabrication of a-Si:H TFTs at low temperature 435 21.5.2 Fabrication of low temperature poly-Si TFTs 435 21.5.3 Fabrication of MIMs at low temperature 437 21.5.4 Conductors and transparent electrodes for plastic substrates 438 21.6 Transfer of High Temperature Fabricated AMLCDs to a Flexible Substrate 438 22 Printing of Layers for LC Cells 443 22.1 Printing Technologies 443 22.1.1 Flexographic printing 443 22.1.2 Knife coating 444 22.1.3 Ink-jet printing 444 22.1.4 Silk screen printing 448 22.2 Surface Properties for Printing 449 22.3 Printing of Components for Displays 455 22.3.1 Ink-jet printed colour filters, alignment layers and phosphors for LED Backlights 455 22.3.2 Flexographic printing of alignment layers and of nematic liquid crystals 456 22.3.3 Printing of OTFTs 457 22.4 Cell Building by Lamination 461 23 Advances in TFTs and Structures for Enhancing Mobility 24 Fringe-Field Switching (FFS) Technologies 25 Automotive Applications of Liquid Crystal Displays Appendix 1: Formats of Flat Panel Displays 463 Appendix 2: Optical Units of Displays 465 Appendix 3: Properties of Polarized Light 467 References 473 Index