Japan has a parliamentary government with a constitutional monarchy. National lower-house elections in December 2012 resulted in the swearing-in of Shinzo Abe, leader of the Liberal Democratic Party, as prime minister. Upper house elections on July 21 gave the ruling coalition a majority in that chamber. The elections were considered free and fair. Civilian authorities maintained effective control over the security forces. Security forces did not commit human rights abuses. The leading human rights problems included lack of due process for pretrial detainees, prison and detention center conditions, and the exploitation of children including the non-criminalization of child pornography. Other persistent human rights concerns included societal discrimination against ethnic minority group members, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals, and persons with disabilities; detention of asylum seekers; domestic violence and sexual harassment against women; and trafficking in persons, including the exploitation of foreign trainee workers.