Although STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) has been diversely defined by variousresearchers (e.g. Buck Institute, 2003; Capraro & Slough, 2009; Scott, 2009; Wolf, 2008), during the lastdecade, STEM education has gained an increasing presence on the national agenda through initiatives from theNational Science Foundation (NSF) and the Institute for Educational Sciences (IES). The rate of technologicalinnovation and change has been tremendous over the past ten years, and this rapid increase will only continue.STEM literacy is the power to "identify, apply, and integrate concepts from science, technology, engineering,and mathematics to understand complex problems and to innovate to solve them" (Washington State STEM, 2011, Internet). In order for U.S. studentsto be on the forefront of this revolution, ALL of our schools need to be part of the STEM vision and guide students in acquiring STEM literacy.Understanding and addressing the challenge of achieving STEM literacy for ALL students begins with an understanding of its element and theconnections between them. In order to remain competitive, the Committee on Prospering in the Global Economy has recommended that the USoptimize "its knowledge-based resources, particularly in science and technology" (National Academies, 2007, p. 4). Optimizing knowledge-basedresources needs to be the goal but is also a challenge for ALL educators (Scheurich & Huggins, 2009). Regardless, there is little disagreement thatcontemporary society is increasingly dependent on science, technology, engineering, and mathematics and thus comprehensive understandings areessential for those pursuing STEM careers. It is also generally agreed that PK-12 students do not do well in STEM areas, both in terms of nationalstandards and in terms of international comparisons (Kuenzi, Matthews, & Mangan, 2006; Capraro, Capraro, Yetkiner, Corlu, Ozel, Ye, & Kim, 2011).The question then becomes what might PK-12 schools do to improve teachers' and students' STEM knowledge and skills? This book will look atequity and access issues in STEM education from PK-12, university, and administrative and policylenses.