Little is known about the long term impacts of fertilizer type and rate on partitioning of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) among different fractions of soil organic matter (SOM). The research presented in this book envisages the effects of 27 years of application of different fertilization strategies on C and N content of total soil and among different soil fractions of SOM. The study unveiled that compared to soils receiving continuous application of mineral fertilizer, farmyard manure application significantly resulted in higher soil organic C and N contents in bulk and density based soil fractions. Besides fertilizer type, application rate appeared as a second most influential factor, affecting the distribution of C and N contents in soil fractions.