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Growing Object-Oriented Software, Guided by Tests de Steve Freeman

Growing Object-Oriented Software, Guided by Tests

Autor Steve Freeman, Nat Pryce
en Limba Engleză Paperback – 12 oct 2009
Foreword by Kent Beck "The authors of this book have led a revolution in the craft of programming by controlling the environment in which software grows." --Ward Cunningham "At last, a book suffused with code that exposes the deep symbiosis between TDD and OOD. This one's a keeper." --Robert C. Martin "If you want to be an expert in the state of the art in TDD, you need to understand the ideas in this book."--Michael Feathers Test-Driven Development (TDD) is now an established technique for delivering better software faster.

TDD is based on a simple idea: Write tests for your code before you write the code itself. However, this "simple" idea takes skill and judgment to do well. Now there's a practical guide to TDD that takes you beyond the basic concepts.

Drawing on a decade of experience building real-world systems, two TDD pioneers show how to let tests guide your development and "grow" software that is coherent, reliable, and maintainable. Steve Freeman and Nat Pryce describe the processes they use, the design principles they strive to achieve, and some of the tools that help them get the job done. Through an extended worked example, you'll learn how TDD works at multiple levels, using tests to drive the features and the object-oriented structure of the code, and using Mock Objects to discover and then describe relationships between objects.

Along the way, the book systematically addresses challenges that development teams encounter with TDD--from integrating TDD into your processes to testing your most difficult features. Coverage includes * Implementing TDD effectively: getting started, and maintaining your momentum throughout the project * Creating cleaner, more expressive, more sustainable code * Using tests to stay relentlessly focused on sustaining quality * Understanding how TDD, Mock Objects, and Object-Oriented Design come together in the context of a real software development project * Using Mock Objects to guide object-oriented designs * Succeeding where TDD is difficult: managing complex test data, and testing persistence and concurrency
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Specificații

ISBN-13: 9780321503626
ISBN-10: 0321503627
Pagini: 384
Dimensiuni: 178 x 235 x 21 mm
Greutate: 0.67 kg
Ediția:1. Auflage
Editura: Pearson International
Locul publicării:Boston, United States

Textul de pe ultima copertă

Foreword by Kent Beck ""The authors of this book have led a revolution in the craft of programming by controlling the environment in which software grows." "--Ward Cunningham " " ""At last, a book suffused with code that exposes the deep symbiosis between TDD and OOD. This one's a keeper." "--Robert C. Martin ""If you want to be an expert in the state of the art in TDD, you need to understand the ideas in this book."--"Michael Feathers Test-Driven Development (TDD) is now an established technique for delivering better software faster. TDD is based on a simple idea: Write tests for your code before you write the code itself. However, this "simple" idea takes skill and judgment to do well. Now there's a practical guide to TDD that takes you beyond the basic concepts. Drawing on a decade of experience building real-world systems, two TDD pioneers show how to let tests guide your development and "grow" software that is coherent, reliable, and maintainable. Steve Freeman and Nat Pryce describe the processes they use, the design principles they strive to achieve, and some of the tools that help them get the job done. Through an extended worked example, you'll learn how TDD works at multiple levels, using tests to drive the features and the object-oriented structure of the code, and using Mock Objects to discover and then describe relationships between objects. Along the way, the book systematically addresses challenges that development teams encounter with TDD--from integrating TDD into your processes to testing your most difficult features. Coverage includes - Implementing TDD effectively: getting started, and maintaining your momentum throughout the project - Creating cleaner, more expressive, more sustainable code - Using tests to stay relentlessly focused on sustaining quality - Understanding how TDD, Mock Objects, and Object-Oriented Design come together in the context of a real software development project - Using Mock Objects to guide object-oriented designs - Succeeding where TDD is difficult: managing complex test data, and testing persistence and concurrency

Notă biografică

Foreword     xv
Preface     xvii
Acknowledgments     xxi
About the Authors     xxiii
 
PART I: INTRODUCTION     1
 
Chapter 1: What Is the Point of Test-Driven Development?     3
Software Development as a Learning Process     3
Feedback Is the Fundamental Tool     4
Practices That Support Change     5
Test-Driven Development in a Nutshell     6
The Bigger Picture     7
Testing End-to-End     8
Levels of Testing     9
External and Internal Quality     10
 
Chapter 2: Test-Driven Development with Objects     13
A Web of Objects     13
Values and Objects     13
Follow the Messages     14
Tell, Don’t Ask     17
But Sometimes Ask     17
Unit-Testing the Collaborating Objects     18
Support for TDD with Mock     19
 
Chapter 3: An Introduction to the Tools     21
Stop Me If You’ve Heard This One Before     21
A Minimal Introduction to JUnit 4     21
Hamcrest Matchers and assertThat()     24
jMock2: Mock Objects     25
 
PART II: THE PROCESS OF TEST-DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT     29
 
Chapter 4: Kick-Starting the Test-Driven Cycle     31
Introduction     31
First, Test a Walking Skeleton     32
Deciding the Shape of the Walking Skeleton     33
Build Sources of Feedback     35
Expose Uncertainty Early     36
 
Chapter 5: Maintaining the Test-Driven Cycle     39
Introduction     39
Start Each Feature with an Acceptance Test     39
Separate Tests That Measure Progress from Those That Catch Regressions     40
Start Testing with the Simplest Success Case     41
Write the Test That You’d Want to Read     42
Watch the Test Fail     42
Develop from the Inputs to the Outputs     43
Unit-Test Behavior, Not Methods     43
Listen to the Tests     44
Tuning the Cycle     45
 
Chapter 6: Object-Oriented Style     47
Introduction     47
Designing for Maintainability     47
Internals vs. Peers     50
No And’s, Or’s, or But’s     51
Object Peer Stereotypes     52
Composite Simpler Than the Sum of Its Parts     53
Context Independence     54
Hiding the Right Information     55
An Opinionated View     56
 
Chapter 7: Achieving Object-Oriented Design     57
How Writing a Test First Helps the Design     57
Communication over Classification     58
Value Types     59
Where Do Objects Come From?     60
Identify Relationships with Interfaces     63
Refactor Interfaces Too     63
Compose Objects to Describe System Behavior     64
Building Up to Higher-Level Programming     65
And What about Classes?     67
 
Chapter 8: Building on Third-Party Code     69
Introduction     69
Only Mock Types That You Own     69
Mock Application Objects in Integration Tests     71
 
PART III: A WORKED EXAMPLE     73
 
Chapter 9: Commissioning an Auction Sniper     75
To Begin at the Beginning     75
Communicating with an Auction     78
Getting There Safely     79
This Isn’t Real     81
 
Chapter 10: The Walking Skeleton     83
Get the Skeleton out of the Closet     83
Our Very First Test     84
Some Initial Choices     86
 
Chapter 11: Passing the First Test     89
Building the Test Rig     89
Failing and Passing the Test     95
The Necessary Minimum     102
 
Chapter 12: Getting Ready to Bid     105
An Introduction to the Market     105
A Test for Bidding     106
The AuctionMessageTranslator     112
Unpacking a Price Message     118
Finish the Job     121
 
Chapter 13: The Sniper Makes a Bid     123
Introducing AuctionSniper     123
Sending a Bid     126
Tidying Up the Implementation     131
Defer Decisions     136
Emergent Design     137
 
Chapter 14: The Sniper Wins the Auction     139
First, a Failing Test     139
Who Knows about Bidders?     140
The Sniper Has More to Say     143
The Sniper Acquires Some State     144
The Sniper Wins     146
Making Steady Progress     148
 
Chapter 15: Towards a Real User Interface     149
A More Realistic Implementation     149
Displaying Price Details     152
Simplifying Sniper Events     159
Follow Through     164
Final Polish     168
Observations     171
 
Chapter 16: Sniping for Multiple Items     175
Testing for Multiple Items     175
Adding Items through the User Interface     183
Observations     189
 
Chapter 17: Teasing Apart Main     191
Finding a Role     191
Extracting the Chat     192
Extracting the Connection     195
Extracting the SnipersTableModel     197
Observations     201
 
Chapter 18: Filling In the Details     205
A More Useful Application     205
Stop When We’ve Had Enough     205
Observations     212
 
Chapter 19: Handling Failure     215
What If It Doesn’t Work?     215
Detecting the Failure     217
Displaying the Failure     218
Disconnecting the Sniper     219
Recording the Failure     221
Observations     225
 
PART IV: SUSTAINABLE TEST-DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT     227
 
Chapter 20: Listening to the Tests     229
Introduction     229
I Need to Mock an Object I Can’t Replace (without Magic)     230
Logging Is a Feature     233
Mocking Concrete Classes     235
Don’t Mock Values     237
Bloated Constructor     238
Confused Object     240
Too Many Dependencies     241
Too Many Expectations     242
What the Tests Will Tell Us (If We’re Listening)     244
 
Chapter 21: Test Readability     247
Introduction     247
Test Names Describe Features     248
Canonical Test Structure     251
Streamline the Test Code     252
Assertions and Expectations     254
Literals and Variables     255
 
Chapter 22: Constructing Complex Test Data     257
Introduction     257
Test Data Builders     258
Creating Similar Objects     259
Combining Builders     261
Emphasizing the Domain Model with Factory Methods     261
Removing Duplication at the Point of Use     262
Communication First     264
 
Chapter 23: Test Diagnostics     267
Design to Fail     267
Small, Focused, Well-Named Tests     268
Explanatory Assertion Messages     268
Highlight Detail with Matchers     268
Self-Describing Value     269
Obviously Canned Value     270
Tracer Object     270
Explicitly Assert That Expectations Were Satisfied     271
Diagnostics Are a First-Class Feature     271
 
Chapter 24: Test Flexibility     273
Introduction     273
Test for Information, Not Representation     274
Precise Assertions     275
Precise Expectations     277
“Guinea Pig” Objects     284
 
PART V: ADVANCED TOPICS     287
 
Chapter 25: Testing Persistence     289
Introduction     289
Isolate Tests That Affect Persistent State     290
Make Tests Transaction Boundaries Explicit     292
Testing an Object That Performs Persistence Operations     294
Testing That Objects Can Be Persisted     297
But Database Tests Are S-l-o-w!     300
 
Chapter 26: Unit Testing and Threads     301
Introduction     301
Separating Functionality and Concurrency Policy     302
Unit-Testing Synchronization     306
Stress-Testing Passive Objects     311
Synchronizing the Test Thread with Background Threads     312
The Limitations of Unit Stress Tests     313
 
Chapter 27: Testing Asynchronous Code     315
Introduction     315
Sampling or Listening     316
Two Implementations     318
Runaway Tests     322
Lost Updates     323
Testing That an Action Has No Effect     325
Distinguish Synchronizations and Assertions     326
Externalize Event Sources     326
 
Afterword: A Brief History of Mock Objects     329
Appendix A: jMock2 Cheat Sheet     335
Appendix B: Writing a Hamcrest Matcher     343
Bibliography     347
Index     349
 

Cuprins

Foreword xv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xxi
About the Authors xxiii
PART I: INTRODUCTION 1
Chapter 1: What Is the Point of Test-Driven Development? 3
Software Development as a Learning Process 3
Feedback Is the Fundamental Tool 4
Practices That Support Change 5
Test-Driven Development in a Nutshell 6
The Bigger Picture 7
Testing End-to-End 8
Levels of Testing 9
External and Internal Quality 10
Chapter 2: Test-Driven Development with Objects 13
A Web of Objects 13
Values and Objects 13
Follow the Messages 14
Tell, Don't Ask 17
But Sometimes Ask 17
Unit-Testing the Collaborating Objects 18
Support for TDD with Mock 19
Chapter 3: An Introduction to the Tools 21
Stop Me If You've Heard This One Before 21
A Minimal Introduction to JUnit 4 21
Hamcrest Matchers and assertThat() 24
jMock2: Mock Objects 25
PART II: THE PROCESS OF TEST-DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT 29
Chapter 4: Kick-Starting the Test-Driven Cycle 31
Introduction 31
First, Test a Walking Skeleton 32
Deciding the Shape of the Walking Skeleton 33
Build Sources of Feedback 35
Expose Uncertainty Early 36
Chapter 5: Maintaining the Test-Driven Cycle 39
Introduction 39
Start Each Feature with an Acceptance Test 39
Separate Tests That Measure Progress from Those That Catch Regressions 40
Start Testing with the Simplest Success Case 41
Write the Test That You'd Want to Read 42
Watch the Test Fail 42
Develop from the Inputs to the Outputs 43
Unit-Test Behavior, Not Methods 43
Listen to the Tests 44
Tuning the Cycle 45
Chapter 6: Object-Oriented Style 47
Introduction 47
Designing for Maintainability 47
Internals vs. Peers 50
No And's, Or's, or But's 51
Object Peer Stereotypes 52
Composite Simpler Than the Sum of Its Parts 53
Context Independence 54
Hiding the Right Information 55
An Opinionated View 56
Chapter 7: Achieving Object-Oriented Design 57
How Writing a Test First Helps the Design 57
Communication over Classification 58
Value Types 59
Where Do Objects Come From? 60
Identify Relationships with Interfaces 63
Refactor Interfaces Too 63
Compose Objects to Describe System Behavior 64
Building Up to Higher-Level Programming 65
And What about Classes? 67
Chapter 8: Building on Third-Party Code 69
Introduction 69
Only Mock Types That You Own 69
Mock Application Objects in Integration Tests 71
PART III: A WORKED EXAMPLE 73
Chapter 9: Commissioning an Auction Sniper 75
To Begin at the Beginning 75
Communicating with an Auction 78
Getting There Safely 79
This Isn't Real 81
Chapter 10: The Walking Skeleton 83
Get the Skeleton out of the Closet 83
Our Very First Test 84
Some Initial Choices 86
Chapter 11: Passing the First Test 89
Building the Test Rig 89
Failing and Passing the Test 95
The Necessary Minimum 102
Chapter 12: Getting Ready to Bid 105
An Introduction to the Market 105
A Test for Bidding 106
The AuctionMessageTranslator 112
Unpacking a Price Message 118
Finish the Job 121
Chapter 13: The Sniper Makes a Bid 123
Introducing AuctionSniper 123
Sending a Bid 126
Tidying Up the Implementation 131
Defer Decisions 136
Emergent Design 137
Chapter 14: The Sniper Wins the Auction 139
First, a Failing Test 139
Who Knows about Bidders? 140
The Sniper Has More to Say 143
The Sniper Acquires Some State 144
The Sniper Wins 146
Making Steady Progress 148
Chapter 15: Towards a Real User Interface 149
A More Realistic Implementation 149
Displaying Price Details 152
Simplifying Sniper Events 159
Follow Through 164
Final Polish 168
Observations 171
Chapter 16: Sniping for Multiple Items 175
Testing for Multiple Items 175
Adding Items through the User Interface 183
Observations 189
Chapter 17: Teasing Apart Main 191
Finding a Role 191
Extracting the Chat 192
Extracting the Connection 195
Extracting the SnipersTableModel 197
Observations 201
Chapter 18: Filling In the Details 205
A More Useful Application 205
Stop When We've Had Enough 205
Observations 212
Chapter 19: Handling Failure 215
What If It Doesn't Work? 215
Detecting the Failure 217
Displaying the Failure 218
Disconnecting the Sniper 219
Recording the Failure 221
Observations 225
PART IV: SUSTAINABLE TEST-DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT 227
Chapter 20: Listening to the Tests 229
Introduction 229
I Need to Mock an Object I Can't Replace (without Magic) 230
Logging Is a Feature 233
Mocking Concrete Classes 235
Don't Mock Values 237
Bloated Constructor 238
Confused Object 240
Too Many Dependencies 241
Too Many Expectations 242
What the Tests Will Tell Us (If We're Listening) 244
Chapter 21: Test Readability 247
Introduction 247
Test Names Describe Features 248
Canonical Test Structure 251
Streamline the Test Code 252
Assertions and Expectations 254
Literals and Variables 255
Chapter 22: Constructing Complex Test Data 257
Introduction 257
Test Data Builders 258
Creating Similar Objects 259
Combining Builders 261
Emphasizing the Domain Model with Factory Methods 261
Removing Duplication at the Point of Use 262
Communication First 264
Chapter 23: Test Diagnostics 267
Design to Fail 267
Small, Focused, Well-Named Tests 268
Explanatory Assertion Messages 268
Highlight Detail with Matchers 268
Self-Describing Value 269
Obviously Canned Value 270
Tracer Object 270
Explicitly Assert That Expectations Were Satisfied 271
Diagnostics Are a First-Class Feature 271
Chapter 24: Test Flexibility 273
Introduction 273
Test for Information, Not Representation 274
Precise Assertions 275
Precise Expectations 277
"Guinea Pig" Objects 284
PART V: ADVANCED TOPICS 287
Chapter 25: Testing Persistence 289
Introduction 289
Isolate Tests That Affect Persistent State 290
Make Tests Transaction Boundaries Explicit 292
Testing an Object That Performs Persistence Operations 294
Testing That Objects Can Be Persisted 297
But Database Tests Are S-l-o-w! 300
Chapter 26: Unit Testing and Threads 301
Introduction 301
Separating Functionality and Concurrency Policy 302
Unit-Testing Synchronization 306
Stress-Testing Passive Objects 311
Synchronizing the Test Thread with Background Threads 312
The Limitations of Unit Stress Tests 313
Chapter 27: Testing Asynchronous Code 315
Introduction 315
Sampling or Listening 316
Two Implementations 318
Runaway Tests 322
Lost Updates 323
Testing That an Action Has No Effect 325
Distinguish Synchronizations and Assertions 326
Externalize Event Sources 326
Afterword: A Brief History of Mock Objects 329
Appendix A: jMock2 Cheat Sheet 335
Appendix B: Writing a Hamcrest Matcher 343
Bibliography 347
Index 349