Essential Logic: Basic Reasoning Skills for the Twenty-First Century
Autor Ronald C. Pineen Limba Engleză Paperback – 5 oct 1995
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Specificații
ISBN-13: 9780195155051
ISBN-10: 019515505X
Pagini: 432
Ilustrații: numerous boxes and line drawings
Dimensiuni: 177 x 232 x 20 mm
Greutate: 0.69 kg
Editura: Oxford University Press
Colecția OUP USA
Locul publicării:New York, United States
ISBN-10: 019515505X
Pagini: 432
Ilustrații: numerous boxes and line drawings
Dimensiuni: 177 x 232 x 20 mm
Greutate: 0.69 kg
Editura: Oxford University Press
Colecția OUP USA
Locul publicării:New York, United States
Cuprins
- Preface
- Introduction
- Chapter 1 - Why Study Logic
- Logic as a Defensive Tool
- Deductive Reasoning
- Valid, Invalid, and Sound Arguments
- Logic and Belief Testing
- Key Terminology
- Concept Summary
- Exercises
- Chapter 2 - Arguments and Language
- Recognizing Arguments
- Other Uses of Language
- Meaning and Clarification
- What is Truth?
- Key Terminology
- Concept Summary
- Exercises
- Chapter 3 - Inductive Reasoning and Reasonable Beliefs
- Deduction and Induction
- Induction and Reliable Beliefs
- Induction: A Case Study
- Logic and Creativity
- Key Terminology
- Concept Summary
- Exercises
- Chapter 4 - Informal Fallacies I
- Introduction
- The Value of Abstraction
- Fallacies of Relevance
- Appeal to Popularity
- Appeal to Authority
- Traditional Wisdom
- Provincialism
- Appeal to Loyalty
- Two Wrongs Make a Right
- Ad Hominem Abusive and Circumstantial
- Irrelevant Reason
- Key Terminology
- Concept Summary
- Exercises
- Chapter 5 - Informal Fallacies II
- Introduction
- Fallacies of Questionable Premise
- Slippery Slope
- Questionable Dilemma
- Straw Person
- Fallacies of Weak Induction
- Hasty Conclusion
- Questionable Cause
- Appeal to Ignorance
- Fallacies of Presumption
- Begging the Question
- Complex Question
- Ambiguity-Equivocation
- Questionable Analogy
- Suppressed Evidence
- Key Terminology
- Concept Summary
- Exercises
- Chapter 6 - Logic and Hope
- Exercises
- Chapter 7 - Symbolic Translation
- Introduction
- Logical Connectives
- Usage Dictionary of Logical Connectives
- Exercise I
- Exercise II
- Complex Translations, the Use of Parentheses, and Arguments
- Exercise III
- Exercise IV
- Exercise V
- Chapter 8 - Bit Brains Logical Connectives, and Truth Tables
- Introduction
- Symbolic Pictures of Logical Connectives: And, Or, and Not
- Exercise I
- Logical Connectives Continued: If . . . then . . . and If and only if
- Exercise II
- Short Cuts and Human Learning
- Truth Tables, Validity, and Logical Pictures
- Exercise III
- Exercise IV
- Argument Forms and Variables
- Exercise V
- Brief Truth Tables
- Exercise VI
- Chapter 9 - Symbolic Trails and Formal Proofs of Validity
- Introduction
- Constructing Formal Proofs of Validity
- Step 1: Recognizing Forms: Copi's "Nine" Rules of Inference
- Step 1 Exercises
- Strategies for Pattern Recognition
- Step 2: Justifying Reasoning Trails with the Rules of Inference
- Step 2 Exercises
- Step 3: On Your Own, Constructing Formal Proofs with the Rules of Inference
- Step 3 Exercises
- Translations and Formal Proofs
- Chapter 10 - Symbolic Trails and Formal Proofs of Validity, Part 2
- Introduction
- Application Practice
- The Nineteen Rules
- Step 4: Rules of Replacement Exercises
- Commonsense Origins
- Strategies for Pattern Recognition Revisited
- Step 5 Exercises
- Subroutines
- Direction, Strategies, and Working Backward
- Step 6 Exercises
- Brief Truth Tables Revisited and Decision Strategies
- Translation and Formal Proof Exercises
- Holiday Adventures
- Clarification Exercises
- Chapter 11 - Other Logical Tools: Syllogisms and Quantification
- Introduction
- Syllogisms and Quantification Logic
- Usage Dictionary
- Dictionary Elaboration
- Exercise I
- Proving Validity in Quantification Logic
- The Square of Opposition and Change of Quantifier Rules
- Exercise II
- Exercise III
- Exercise IV
- Exercise V
- Exercise VI
- Exercise VII
- Final Note
- Chapter 12 - Frontiers of Logic--Fuzzy Logic: Can Aristotle and Buddha Get Along?
- Introduction
- Bivalent Logic and Paradoxes
- Fuzzy Interpretations and Degrees of Truth
- Fuzzy Conditionals and Fuzzy Validity
- Resolution of Paradoxes and Implications
- Philosophy: What about reality?
- Exercise I
- Exercises II-IV
- Exercises V