This is the only study in a Western European language of an important part of the intellectual and cultural history of the Persianate world in its formative phase. Persian dictionaries (farhangs) of the Islamic era, compiled principally in India, represent a unique linguistic undertaking that has no counterpart in pre-modern Europe. Solomon Baevskii (University of St Petersburg, emeritus) based his work on books and manuscripts from South Asia, Iran, Central Asia and Russia, charting the evolution of these documents from lexical and cultural-historical perspectives. Published originally in Russian in 1989, the book is here presented in a new English edition, revised and updated by John Perry, Professor of Persian at the University of Chicago.