Dyslexia is a reading disability in which speed and accuracy in word decoding is impaired. It is usually accompanied by spelling and/or arithmetic difficulties. This book discusses the perspectives, challenges and treatment options available for dyslexia. Chapter One reviews dyslexia from its definition and neurobiological basis to the neurophysiology and central auditory processes. Chapter Two examines how dyslexia affects perception of academic performance in elementary school pupils and how it affects their sociometric position in the classroom. Chapter Three reviews dyslexia from an educological perspective. Chapter Four investigates the views of parents of pupils with dyslexia concerning their collaboration with teachers. Chapter Five describes and compares the response of parents and teachers of Brazilian and Italian Dyslexics students about learning skills. Chapter Six outlines the key findings from the Dyslexia and Multilingualism project (Mortimore et al, 2012) focusing on the challenges and lessons learnt from a research project on a literacy intervention for vulnerable learners with English as an additional language in English primary schools. It also focuses on issues relating to screening processes and assessments used for identifying SpLD/dyslexia within complex multilingual schools. Chapter Seven investigates whether Brazilian students with developmental dyslexia could be classified according with subtypes. Chapter Eight discusses new assessment trends and challenges for the future of dyslexia. Chapter Nine examines complexities and challenges of selecting participants for dyslexia studies. Chapter Ten discusses the use of childrens literature as a resource tool to help such children address their psychosocial-emotional needs. Chapter Eleven discusses diagnostic interventions by operationalising the definition of dyslexia. Chapter Twelve describes the development of the neuropsychological rehabilitation program in executive functions for students with dyslexia. Chapter Thirteen examines the integration of proprioceptive signals, postural control and dyslexia. Chapter Fourteen provides a few remarks on magnocellular responses and brief stimuli. The final chapter provides a synthesis of research concerning the socio-emotional dimension of Dyslexia in adulthood.