Artificial neural networks may probably be the single most successful technology in the last two decades which has been widely used in a large variety of applications. The purpose of this book is to provide recent advances of architectures, methodologies, and applications of artificial neural networks. The book consists of two parts: the architecture part covers architectures, design, optimization, and analysis of artificial neural networks; the applications part covers applications of artificial neural networks in a wide range of areas including biomedical, industrial, physics, and financial applications. Thus, this book will be a fundamental source of recent advances and applications of artificial neural networks. The target audience of this book includes college and graduate students, and engineers in companies.