This volume includes five chapters that detail recent advances in environmental research. Chapter One explores the potential of agroforestry to provide an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional agriculture, which produces climatologically negative effects. Chapter Two provides a general overview of optical biosensors and their applications in clinical diagnosis, food safety and security, and environmental biomonitoring. Chapter Three offers an overview of air quality monitoring. Chapter Four proposes pertinent information related to the prevailing state of the art on the importance of soybean lignocellulosic residues as raw materials of high potential for biorefineries and biofuels production. Lastly, Chapter Five presents case studies from France and Brazil concerning agroforestry in connection with international environmental law goals and sustainable development goals.