What Is to be Done? is a non-fiction work by Leo Tolstoy, in which Tolstoy describes the social conditions of Russia in his day. Tolstoy completed the book in 1886. The English title was also used for two other works by Nikolai Chernyshevsky and Vladimir Lenin; Tolstoy's Russian title is similar but not identical to Chernyshevsky's (and Lenin's), all of them sharing the same Biblical reference (Luke 3:10-14).