This is the first comprehensive text to describe and quantify the methods commonly used to predict the probability of successfully attacking ground targets using air-launched or ground-launched weapons. Air launched weapons include guided and unguided bombs, air-to-ground missiles, LGBs, rockets, and guns. Surface engagements cover both direct and indirect fire weapons. The text outlines the various methodologies used in operational products used widely in the U.S. Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps. It explains the underlying methodologies for the key munitions effectiveness tools, Joint Air-to-Surface Weaponeering Systems (JAWS), and JMEM/SS Weapons Effectiveness Systems.