Understanding Human Development
Autor Grace J. Craig, Wendy Dunnen Limba Engleză Paperback – 30 sep 2009
An interdisciplinary approach with an emphasis on culture and family
Using an interdisciplinary approach which emphasizes culture and family, Understanding Human Development challenges students to understand development from a broader perspective. Students draw on their own experiences as they weigh the research and ideas presented in the text.
Looking for additional resources to help you understand the material and succeed in this course? MyDevelopmentLab contains study tools such as flashcards, self tests, videos, as well as MyVirtualChild which allows you to raise your own virtual child from birth through age 18 and monitor the results.
Want to view an interview with co-author, Wendy Dunn? Click here: www.youtube.com/pearsonpsych
Want to learn more about MyVirtualChild? Visit www.mydevelopmentlab.com and click on the ‘watch this video’ link to learn about MyVirtualChild.
MyDevelpmentLab with MyVirtualChild is available at www.mydevelopmentlab.com.
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Specificații
ISBN-13: 9780205753079
ISBN-10: 0205753078
Pagini: 566
Dimensiuni: 229 x 274 x 23 mm
Greutate: 1.61 kg
Ediția:2Nouă
Editura: Prentice-Hall
Locul publicării:Upper Saddle River, United States
ISBN-10: 0205753078
Pagini: 566
Dimensiuni: 229 x 274 x 23 mm
Greutate: 1.61 kg
Ediția:2Nouă
Editura: Prentice-Hall
Locul publicării:Upper Saddle River, United States
Cuprins
BRIEF CONTENTS
Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Development
Chapter 2 Heredity and Environment
Chapter 3 Prenatal Development and Childbirth
Chapter 4 Infancy and Toddlerhood: Physical, Cognitive, and Language Development
Chapter 5 Infancy and Toddlerhood: Personality and Sociocultural Development
Chapter 6 Early Childhood: Physical, Cognitive, and Language Development
Chapter 7 Early Childhood: Personality and Sociocultural Development
Chapter 8 Middle Childhood: Physical and Cognitive Development
Chapter 9 Middle Childhood: Personality and Sociocultural Development
Chapter 10 Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development
Chapter 11 Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development
Chapter 12 Young Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development
Chapter 13 Young Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development
Chapter 14 Middle Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development
Chapter 15 Middle Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development
Chapter 16 Older Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development
Chapter 17 Older Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development
Chapter 18 Death and Dying
Answers to Review the Facts
Glossary
Bibliography
Photo Credits
Name Index
Subject Index
DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1:
Introduction to Human Development, 1
Introduction to Development, 2
Lifespan Development, 2
Guiding Themes in Human Development, 4
The Nature of Human Development, 4
Biology and Environment, 4
The Sociocultural Context, 5
Try This!: Exploring Attitudes About Child Rearing, 6
Changing Perspectives: Children and War, 7
The Domains of Human Development, 8
Theoretical Frameworks for Human Development, 9
The Role of Theory, 9
Biological Views of Human Development, 10
Psychodynamic Views of Human Development, 11
Behavioral Views of Human Development, 14
Cognitive Views of Human Development, 16
Integrating Theoretical Approaches, 18
The Scientific Approach to the Study of Human Development, 20
Descriptive Methods, 21
Studying Development Across Time, 23
Current Issues: Fragile Families and Child Well-Being, 24
Correlation as a Descriptive Tool, 25
Experimental Approaches: The Study of Cause and Effect, 26
Summary of Research Methods, 27
Ethics in Developmental Research, 28
Development in Context, 30
Chapter Summary, 30
Key Terms, 32
Chapter 2:
Heredity and Environment, 33
Molecular Genetics, 34
Human Cells, 34
DNA, 35
Genes, 36
Protein Synthesis, 37
Genes, Chromosomes, and Cell Division, 37
Cell Division and Reproduction, 37
From Genotype to Phenotype, 38
The Variation of Traits Among Individuals, 40
Genetic and Chromosomal Disorders, 41
Sex-Linked Disorders, 42
Autosomal Disorders, 43
Genetic Counseling, 45
Advances in Genetic Research and Treatment, 45
Behavior Genetics, 46
Changing Perspectives: Genetic Engineering and Cloning, 47
Adoption Studies, 47
Twin Studies, 48
Try This!: Exploring the Basis of Personality, 49
Environmental Influences and Contexts, 49
Basic Processes That Affect Behavior, 49
Conditioning, Behavior Modification, and Life, 51
Social Learning and the Evolving Self-Concept, 52
Environment in a Broader Context: Family and Culture, 52
Family Systems, 52
The Family as Transmitter of Culture, 53
Current Issues: The New Baby and the Extended Family System, 54
Sociocultural Influences on Development Across the Lifespan, 54
Chapter Summary, 57
Key Terms, 59
Chapter 3:
Prenatal Development and Childbirth, 60
Prenatal Growth and Development, 61
Trimesters and Periods, 61
Conception and the Germinal Period, 61
The Embryonic Period, 63
The Fetal Period, 64
Developmental Trends, 67
Prenatal Environmental Influences, 67
Maternal Age, 67
Maternal Health and Nutrition, 68
Prenatal Health Care, 68
Critical Periods in Prenatal Development, 69
Teratogens and Their Effects, 70
Childbirth, 75
Stages of Childbirth, 75
Changing Perspectives: Nurse—Family Partnerships: An Early Intervention Program That Works, 76
Approaches to Childbirth, 76
Try This!: Birthing Practices: Yesterday and Today, 78
Advances in Technology, 78
Complications in Childbirth, 80
The Evolving Family, 82
The Transition to Parenthood, 82
Current Issues: Kangaroo Care for Low-Birth-Weight Infants: An Experimental Approach Being Tried in Countries Around the World, 83
The Arrival of the Neonate, 84
Chapter Summary, 87
Key Terms, 89
Chapter 4:
Infancy and Toddlerhood: Physical, Cognitive, and Language Development, 90
The Developing Brain, 91
The Neonatal Period, 92
States of Arousal, 93
Learning and Habituation, 93
Neonatal Assessment, 94
Physical and Motor Development, 95
Cultural Influences on Maturation, 95
An Overview of Physical and Motor Development: The First 2 Years, 95
Changing Perspectives: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and Shaken Baby Syndrome, 98
Nutrition and Malnutrition, 99
Try This!: Attitudes About Breastfeeding, 103
Sensory and Perceptual Development, 103
Vision and Visual Perception, 103
Hearing and Auditory Perception, 106
Taste, Smell, and Touch, 106
Sensory Integration, 106
Cognitive Development, 107
Perceptual Organization and Categories, 107
Piaget’s Concept of Schemes, 107
The Sensorimotor Period, 108
Evaluating Piaget’s View, 110
Language Development, 111
The Structure and Function of Language, 111
Language Development in the First Year, 112
Words and Sentences, 113
The Language Explosion, 114
Telegraphic Speech and Early Grammar, 114
Theories of Language Development, 114
Current Issues: Cats, Horses and Tight Fits–Is Language Involved in Category Formation?, 116
Cultural Aspects of Language Development, 116
Chapter Summary, 117
Key Terms, 119
Chapter 5:
Infancy and Toddlerhood: Personality and Sociocultural Development, 120
The Foundations of Personality and Social Development, 121
Emotional Development, 121
Temperament, 122
The Development of Trust, 124
Feeding and Comforting, 124
Attachment, 125
The Role of Culture in Attachment, 125
Studying Infant and Toddler Attachment, 126
Try This!: Replicating the Strange Situation, 127
The Effects of Attachment, 127
Explaining Attachment, 128
The Relationship Between Attachment and Trust, 130
Separating from the Caregiver, 130
Social Referencing and Culture, 131
The Development of Autonomy, 131
The Development of Prosocial Behavior, 132
The Development of the Self, 133
Attachment and Separation, 133
The Family System: A Broader Context, 134
Fathers, 134
Changing Perspectives: Fatherhood in the Changing American Family–What Matters?, 135
Other Family Members as Caregivers, 136
The Social Ecology of Child Care, 137
Current Issues: Infant and Toddler Child Care, 138
Infants and Toddlers With Special Needs, 139
Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments, 140
Infants and Toddlers With Hearing Impairments, 140
Infants and Toddlers With Severe Disabilities, 141
When Parenting Goes Awry: Abuse and Neglect, 141
Chapter Summary, 143
Key Terms, 145
Chapter 6:
Early Childhood: Physical, Cognitive, and Language Development, 146
Physical Development, 147
Changes in the Body, 147
Brain Development, 148
Human Development: An Interactive and Individual Approach, 150
Motor Skills Development, 150
Gross Motor Skills, 150
Fine Motor Skills, 151
Learning and Motor Skills, 152
Cognitive Development, 153
An Overview of Preoperational Thinking, 153
Preoperational Substages and Thought, 154
Current Issues: A Theory of Mind, 155
Limitations of Preoperational Thinking, 156
Conservation, 157
Evaluating Piaget’s Theory, 158
Beyond Piaget: Social Perspectives, 158
The Role of Memory, 159
Language Development, 161
Words and Concepts, 161
Expanding Grammar, 161
Mastering the Subtleties of Speech, 162
The Influence of Parents’ Language Use, 163
Multicultural Aspects of Language Development, 164
Play and Learning, 165
Play and Cognitive Development, 165
Changing Perspectives: Bilingual Kindergarten and Play, 166
Try This!: Watching Young Children Play, 168
Chapter Summary, 169
Key Terms, 170
Chapter 7:
Early Childhood: Personality and Sociocultural Development, 171
Coping with Feelings and Emotions, 173
Fear and Anxiety, 173
Emotional Regulation, 175
Aggression and Prosocial Behavior, 177
Aggression, 177
Changing Perspectives: Electronic Media: Is It Changing the Way That Children Grow Up?, 179
Prosocial Behavior, 180
Try This!: A Child’s Choice in Media Programming, 181
Developmental Conflicts, 182
Initiative Versus Guilt, 182
Peers, Play, and the Development of Social Competence, 183
The Role of Imaginary Companions, 183
Cultural Variations in Play, 184
Social Competence and the Development of Social Skills, 185
Current Issues: One Pathway to Social Competence, 186
Understanding Self and Others, 186
Social Concepts and Rules, 186
Self-Concept, 187
Self and Gender, 188
Family Dynamics, 191
Parenting Styles, 191
Discipline and Self-Control, 193
Sibling Dynamics, 194
Child Maltreatment: Abuse and Neglect, 195
Chapter Summary, 198
Key Terms, 201
Chapter 8:
Middle Childhood: Physical and Cognitive Development, 202
Physical and Motor Development, 203
Physical Growth and Change, 203
Internal Changes, 204
Motor Skills Development, 204
Health, Fitness, and Accidents, 205
Current Issues: Obesity in Childhood–An Outcome of Our Changing Lifestyle?, 208
Cognitive Development, 210
Piaget and Concrete Operational Thinking, 210
Memory and Metacognition, 212
Language and Literacy Development, 213
Individual Differences in Intelligence, 214
Try This!: Exploring Your Concept of Intelligence, 217
Learning and Thinking in School, 218
New Demands and Expectations, 218
Developing Competent Learners and Critical Thinkers, 219
Success in School, 220
Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 222
Intellectual Disabilities, 223
Learning Disorders, 224
Changing Perspectives: Early Experience–Do Adverse Environments Cause Permanent Effects?, 225
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, 227
Chapter Summary, 228
Key Terms, 230
Chapter 9:
Middle Childhood: Personality and Sociocultural Development, 231
Personality Development in an Expanding Social World, 232
Three Perspectives on Middle Childhood, 232
Self-Concept, 233
Industry Versus Inferiority, 233
Self-Esteem, 233
Social Knowledge and Reasoning, 234
The Development of Social Cognition, 235
The Development of Morality, 235
Peer Relationships, 238
Functions of Friendship, 238
Developmental Patterns in Friendship, 239
Peer Groups, 240
Current Issues: Friends and Enemies, Bullies and Victims–The Social Life of School, 241
In-Groups, Out-Groups, and Prejudice, 242
Family Influences in Middle Childhood, 245
Parent—Child Interactions and Relationships, 245
The Changing Nature of the Family, 246
Changing Perspectives: Families Coping in Difficult Circumstances, 249
Try This!: The Impact of Divorce on Children, 250
Chapter Summary, 251
Key Terms, 253
Chapter 10:
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development, 254
Adolescent Development in a Cultural and Historical Context, 255
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood in the United States Today, 256
Physical Development and Adaptation, 258
Physical Growth and Change, 258
Puberty, 259
Current Issues: Diet and Exercise–Building a Healthy Lifestyle or an Eating Disorder?, 260
Body Image and Adjustment, 262
Gender Identity and Sexual Practices, 264
Six Decades of Changes in Sexual Practices, 264
Factors That Influence Early Sexual Relationships, 265
Consequences of Adolescent Sexual Behavior, 266
Cognitive Changes in Adolescence, 268
Brain Development in Adolescence, 268
Try This!: Exploring the Effects of Early Parenting, 269
Piaget’s Period of Formal Operations, 270
The Scope and Content of Adolescent Thought, 272
Changing Perspectives: How Adolescents Around the World Spend Their Time, 273
Chapter Summary, 276
Key Terms, 278
Chapter 11:
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development, 279
Developmental Tasks of Adolescence, 281
Achieving Autonomy, 281
Forming an Identity, 282
Identity Formation, Culture, and Context, 284
Current Issues: Ethnic Identity–A Key Component of Self-Definition, 285
Family Dynamics, 286
Intergenerational Communication, 286
Changing Perspectives: Family Obligation and Assistance During Adolescence, 288
Peer Relationships During Adolescence, 289
Social Comparison, 289
Cliques and Crowds, 290
Dating, 291
Peers and Parents: A Clash of Cultures, 291
Risk and Resilience in Adolescence, 292
Risk Taking, 292
The Use of Tobacco, Alcohol, Marijuana, and Other Drugs, 293
Delinquency, 296
Sexual Abuse of Adolescents, 296
Stress, Depression, and Coping, 298
Depression, 298
Risk Factors for Psychological Problems, 300
Try This!: Taking a Look at Adolescent Depression, 301
Protective Factors and Coping Responses, 302
Chapter Summary, 303
Key Terms, 305
Chapter 12:
Young Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development, 306
Perspectives on Adult Development, 308
Age Clocks and Social Norms, 308
Contextual Paradigms, 309
General Physical Development, 309
Strength and Stamina, 309
Changing Perspectives: History, Culture, and the Information Age, 310
Fitness and Health, 311
Current Issues: The Changing Face of HIV/AIDS, 314
Sex and Sexuality, 315
Fertility, 315
Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 315
Sexual Attitudes and Behavior, 316
Sexual Identity and Sexual Orientation, 317
Cognitive Development in Adulthood, 320
Beyond Formal Operations, 320
Postformal Thought, 321
Try This!: Exploring Postformal Thought, 322
Emotional Intelligence, 322
Schaie’s Stages of Adult Thinking, 323
Frameworks for Understanding Adult Development, 324
Stages and Contexts, 324
Havighurst’s Developmental Tasks, 325
Erikson’s Theory of Development, 325
Levinson’s Seasons of a Man’s Life, 325
The Limitations of Normative Models, 327
Gould’s Transformations in Early Adulthood, 327
A Closing Comment, 328
Chapter Summary, 329
Key Terms, 331
Chapter 13:
Young Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development, 332
Self, Family, and Work, 333
The Personal Self, 333
Self as Family Member, 335
Self as Worker, 335
Forming Close Relationships, 336
Adult Friendships, 337
Couple Formation and Development, 337
Marriage, 338
Cohabitation, 339
Gay and Lesbian Couples, 339
Staying Single, 340
Changing Perspectives: Living Together or Living Alone, 341
The Family Life Cycle and Adult Development, 342
The Family Life Cycle, 342
The Transition to Parenthood, 342
Coping with Children’s Developmental Stages, 344
Single Parenthood, 345
The Occupational Cycle, 347
Stages of Occupational Life, 347
Gaining a Place in the Workforce, 348
Careers and Career Choices, 348
Occupational Choice and Preparation, 349
Gender and Ethnicity, 350
Work and Gender, 351
Changes in Women’s Work Patterns, 351
The Many Meanings of Work, 351
Try This!: Exploring the Type of Career Best Matched to You, 352
The Role of Women in Careers, 352
The Dynamics of Dual-Earner Couples, 353
Current Issues: Juggling Work and Family Roles–The Special Challenge for Low-Income, Dual-Career Couples, 354
Chapter Summary, 356
Key Terms, 358
Chapter 14:
Middle Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development, 359
Development in Middle Adulthood, 360
Prime Time or the Beginning of the End?, 360
Midlife Crisis: Is It Real?, 361
Perceptions and Realities at Midlife, 362
Try This!: Just What Is Middle Age?, 363
Physical Continuity and Change, 363
Changes in Capabilities, 364
The Climacteric, 365
Sexuality in the Middle Years, 367
Disease and Health, 368
The Cumulative Effects of Health Habits, 370
Stress and Health, 371
Ethnicity, Poverty, and Health, 372
Current Issues: Health and Social Issues–Why Are Some Groups at Risk?, 373
Cognitive Continuity and Change, 374
Fluid Versus Crystallized Intelligence, 374
Experience and Expertise, 376
Changing Perspectives: Retraining for Today’s Technological Jobs, 377
Cognitive Skills in the Workplace, 377
Chapter Summary, 379
Key Terms, 380
Chapter 15:
Middle Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development, 381
Personality Continuity and Change, 383
The Tasks of Middle Adulthood, 383
Personal Reactions to Middle Adulthood, 384
Family and Friends: Interpersonal Contexts, 386
The Generation That Runs Things, 386
Relationships with Adult Children, 386
Current Issues: Studying Generativity in African American and White U.S. Families, 387
Relationships with Aging Parents, 388
Becoming a Grandparent, 390
Try This!: What Makes a Great Grandparent?, 391
Friendship: A Lifelong Perspective, 391
The Changing Family, 392
Marriage, Divorce, and Remarriage, 392
Blended Families, 395
Changing Perspectives: Blended Families–Themes and Variations, 396
Occupational Continuity and Change, 397
Job Change and Stress, 398
Continuity and Change in the Structure of Personality, 400
The Five-Factor Model, 400
Stability or Change?, 401
Chapter Summary, 402
Key Terms, 404
Chapter 16:
Older Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development, 405
Aging Today, 406
Ageism and Stereotypes, 406
Four Decades of Later Life, 408
The Physical Aspects of Aging, 410
The Changing Body, 411
Health, Disease, and Nutrition, 414
Changing Perspectives: Diabetes–Will Type 2 Diabetes Be the New Lifestyle Disease Epidemic?, 416
The Causes of Aging, 419
Theories of Aging, 419
Cognitive Changes in Advanced Age, 420
Understanding Various Aspects of Cognition, 420
Cognitive Decline, 424
Current Issues: Wisdom–Cross-Cultural or Culture Specific?, 425
Try This!: Exploring Alzheimer’s Disease, 428
Compensating for an Aging Mind, 429
Chapter Summary, 430
Key Terms, 432
Chapter 17:
Older Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development, 433
Personality and Aging, 434
Developmental Tasks in Older Adulthood, 434
Emotional Development in Older Adulthood, 436
Continuity and Change in Older Adulthood, 436
Current Issues: Psychological Well-Being in Later Adulthood, 438
Successful Aging, 439
Retirement: A Major Change in Status, 440
Adjusting to Retirement, 441
Retirement Options, 442
Family and Friends: Interpersonal Contexts, 444
When Parenting Is Over, 444
Try This!: Exploring the Dimensions of Grandparenting, 445
Caring for an Ill Spouse, 445
Widows and Widowers, 446
U.S. Social Policy and Older Adulthood, 448
The Demographics of Aging, 448
Lifestyle Options for Older Adults, 450
Changing Perspectives: Assisted Living–The In-Between Choice for Frail, Older Adults, 452
Goals for the Care of Older Adults, 452
Chapter Summary, 454
Key Terms, 455
Chapter 18:
Death and Dying, 456
Thoughts and Fears of Death, 457
Denial of Death, 457
Reactions to Death, 458
Managing the Anxiety Associated with One’s Own Death, 459
Current Issues: Searching for Meaning in Natural Disasters, Accidents, Terrorism, and Personal Tragedies, 459
Confronting One’s Own Death, 460
Death as the Final Developmental Task, 461
Stages of Adjustment, 461
Coping with Terminal Illness, 462
Alternative Trajectories, 462
The Search for a Humane Death, 464
Hospice, 464
Try This!: Exploring the Dimensions of Hospice Care, 465
The Right to Die, 465
Grief and Bereavement, 469
Grieving, 469
Bereavement in Cross-Cultural Perspective, 471
Rituals and Customs, 471
The Death of a Child, 472
Grieving When a Child Dies, 472
Changing Perspectives: Humane End-of-Life Care for Children Who Are Dying and for Their Families, 473
Completing the Life Cycle, 474
Chapter Summary, 475
Key Terms, 476
Answers to Review the Facts, 477
Glossary, 485
References, 495
Photo Credits, 545
Name Index, 547
Subject Index, 561
ABOUT THIS TITLE - DESCRIPTION
For undergraduate courses in Lifespan Development, Human Development An interdisciplinary approach with an emphasis on culture and family using an interdisciplinary approach which emphasizes culture and family, Understanding Human Development challenges students to understand development from a broader perspective. Students draw on their own experiences as they weigh the research and ideas presented in the text.
Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Development
Chapter 2 Heredity and Environment
Chapter 3 Prenatal Development and Childbirth
Chapter 4 Infancy and Toddlerhood: Physical, Cognitive, and Language Development
Chapter 5 Infancy and Toddlerhood: Personality and Sociocultural Development
Chapter 6 Early Childhood: Physical, Cognitive, and Language Development
Chapter 7 Early Childhood: Personality and Sociocultural Development
Chapter 8 Middle Childhood: Physical and Cognitive Development
Chapter 9 Middle Childhood: Personality and Sociocultural Development
Chapter 10 Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development
Chapter 11 Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development
Chapter 12 Young Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development
Chapter 13 Young Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development
Chapter 14 Middle Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development
Chapter 15 Middle Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development
Chapter 16 Older Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development
Chapter 17 Older Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development
Chapter 18 Death and Dying
Answers to Review the Facts
Glossary
Bibliography
Photo Credits
Name Index
Subject Index
DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1:
Introduction to Human Development, 1
Introduction to Development, 2
Lifespan Development, 2
Guiding Themes in Human Development, 4
The Nature of Human Development, 4
Biology and Environment, 4
The Sociocultural Context, 5
Try This!: Exploring Attitudes About Child Rearing, 6
Changing Perspectives: Children and War, 7
The Domains of Human Development, 8
Theoretical Frameworks for Human Development, 9
The Role of Theory, 9
Biological Views of Human Development, 10
Psychodynamic Views of Human Development, 11
Behavioral Views of Human Development, 14
Cognitive Views of Human Development, 16
Integrating Theoretical Approaches, 18
The Scientific Approach to the Study of Human Development, 20
Descriptive Methods, 21
Studying Development Across Time, 23
Current Issues: Fragile Families and Child Well-Being, 24
Correlation as a Descriptive Tool, 25
Experimental Approaches: The Study of Cause and Effect, 26
Summary of Research Methods, 27
Ethics in Developmental Research, 28
Development in Context, 30
Chapter Summary, 30
Key Terms, 32
Chapter 2:
Heredity and Environment, 33
Molecular Genetics, 34
Human Cells, 34
DNA, 35
Genes, 36
Protein Synthesis, 37
Genes, Chromosomes, and Cell Division, 37
Cell Division and Reproduction, 37
From Genotype to Phenotype, 38
The Variation of Traits Among Individuals, 40
Genetic and Chromosomal Disorders, 41
Sex-Linked Disorders, 42
Autosomal Disorders, 43
Genetic Counseling, 45
Advances in Genetic Research and Treatment, 45
Behavior Genetics, 46
Changing Perspectives: Genetic Engineering and Cloning, 47
Adoption Studies, 47
Twin Studies, 48
Try This!: Exploring the Basis of Personality, 49
Environmental Influences and Contexts, 49
Basic Processes That Affect Behavior, 49
Conditioning, Behavior Modification, and Life, 51
Social Learning and the Evolving Self-Concept, 52
Environment in a Broader Context: Family and Culture, 52
Family Systems, 52
The Family as Transmitter of Culture, 53
Current Issues: The New Baby and the Extended Family System, 54
Sociocultural Influences on Development Across the Lifespan, 54
Chapter Summary, 57
Key Terms, 59
Chapter 3:
Prenatal Development and Childbirth, 60
Prenatal Growth and Development, 61
Trimesters and Periods, 61
Conception and the Germinal Period, 61
The Embryonic Period, 63
The Fetal Period, 64
Developmental Trends, 67
Prenatal Environmental Influences, 67
Maternal Age, 67
Maternal Health and Nutrition, 68
Prenatal Health Care, 68
Critical Periods in Prenatal Development, 69
Teratogens and Their Effects, 70
Childbirth, 75
Stages of Childbirth, 75
Changing Perspectives: Nurse—Family Partnerships: An Early Intervention Program That Works, 76
Approaches to Childbirth, 76
Try This!: Birthing Practices: Yesterday and Today, 78
Advances in Technology, 78
Complications in Childbirth, 80
The Evolving Family, 82
The Transition to Parenthood, 82
Current Issues: Kangaroo Care for Low-Birth-Weight Infants: An Experimental Approach Being Tried in Countries Around the World, 83
The Arrival of the Neonate, 84
Chapter Summary, 87
Key Terms, 89
Chapter 4:
Infancy and Toddlerhood: Physical, Cognitive, and Language Development, 90
The Developing Brain, 91
The Neonatal Period, 92
States of Arousal, 93
Learning and Habituation, 93
Neonatal Assessment, 94
Physical and Motor Development, 95
Cultural Influences on Maturation, 95
An Overview of Physical and Motor Development: The First 2 Years, 95
Changing Perspectives: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and Shaken Baby Syndrome, 98
Nutrition and Malnutrition, 99
Try This!: Attitudes About Breastfeeding, 103
Sensory and Perceptual Development, 103
Vision and Visual Perception, 103
Hearing and Auditory Perception, 106
Taste, Smell, and Touch, 106
Sensory Integration, 106
Cognitive Development, 107
Perceptual Organization and Categories, 107
Piaget’s Concept of Schemes, 107
The Sensorimotor Period, 108
Evaluating Piaget’s View, 110
Language Development, 111
The Structure and Function of Language, 111
Language Development in the First Year, 112
Words and Sentences, 113
The Language Explosion, 114
Telegraphic Speech and Early Grammar, 114
Theories of Language Development, 114
Current Issues: Cats, Horses and Tight Fits–Is Language Involved in Category Formation?, 116
Cultural Aspects of Language Development, 116
Chapter Summary, 117
Key Terms, 119
Chapter 5:
Infancy and Toddlerhood: Personality and Sociocultural Development, 120
The Foundations of Personality and Social Development, 121
Emotional Development, 121
Temperament, 122
The Development of Trust, 124
Feeding and Comforting, 124
Attachment, 125
The Role of Culture in Attachment, 125
Studying Infant and Toddler Attachment, 126
Try This!: Replicating the Strange Situation, 127
The Effects of Attachment, 127
Explaining Attachment, 128
The Relationship Between Attachment and Trust, 130
Separating from the Caregiver, 130
Social Referencing and Culture, 131
The Development of Autonomy, 131
The Development of Prosocial Behavior, 132
The Development of the Self, 133
Attachment and Separation, 133
The Family System: A Broader Context, 134
Fathers, 134
Changing Perspectives: Fatherhood in the Changing American Family–What Matters?, 135
Other Family Members as Caregivers, 136
The Social Ecology of Child Care, 137
Current Issues: Infant and Toddler Child Care, 138
Infants and Toddlers With Special Needs, 139
Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments, 140
Infants and Toddlers With Hearing Impairments, 140
Infants and Toddlers With Severe Disabilities, 141
When Parenting Goes Awry: Abuse and Neglect, 141
Chapter Summary, 143
Key Terms, 145
Chapter 6:
Early Childhood: Physical, Cognitive, and Language Development, 146
Physical Development, 147
Changes in the Body, 147
Brain Development, 148
Human Development: An Interactive and Individual Approach, 150
Motor Skills Development, 150
Gross Motor Skills, 150
Fine Motor Skills, 151
Learning and Motor Skills, 152
Cognitive Development, 153
An Overview of Preoperational Thinking, 153
Preoperational Substages and Thought, 154
Current Issues: A Theory of Mind, 155
Limitations of Preoperational Thinking, 156
Conservation, 157
Evaluating Piaget’s Theory, 158
Beyond Piaget: Social Perspectives, 158
The Role of Memory, 159
Language Development, 161
Words and Concepts, 161
Expanding Grammar, 161
Mastering the Subtleties of Speech, 162
The Influence of Parents’ Language Use, 163
Multicultural Aspects of Language Development, 164
Play and Learning, 165
Play and Cognitive Development, 165
Changing Perspectives: Bilingual Kindergarten and Play, 166
Try This!: Watching Young Children Play, 168
Chapter Summary, 169
Key Terms, 170
Chapter 7:
Early Childhood: Personality and Sociocultural Development, 171
Coping with Feelings and Emotions, 173
Fear and Anxiety, 173
Emotional Regulation, 175
Aggression and Prosocial Behavior, 177
Aggression, 177
Changing Perspectives: Electronic Media: Is It Changing the Way That Children Grow Up?, 179
Prosocial Behavior, 180
Try This!: A Child’s Choice in Media Programming, 181
Developmental Conflicts, 182
Initiative Versus Guilt, 182
Peers, Play, and the Development of Social Competence, 183
The Role of Imaginary Companions, 183
Cultural Variations in Play, 184
Social Competence and the Development of Social Skills, 185
Current Issues: One Pathway to Social Competence, 186
Understanding Self and Others, 186
Social Concepts and Rules, 186
Self-Concept, 187
Self and Gender, 188
Family Dynamics, 191
Parenting Styles, 191
Discipline and Self-Control, 193
Sibling Dynamics, 194
Child Maltreatment: Abuse and Neglect, 195
Chapter Summary, 198
Key Terms, 201
Chapter 8:
Middle Childhood: Physical and Cognitive Development, 202
Physical and Motor Development, 203
Physical Growth and Change, 203
Internal Changes, 204
Motor Skills Development, 204
Health, Fitness, and Accidents, 205
Current Issues: Obesity in Childhood–An Outcome of Our Changing Lifestyle?, 208
Cognitive Development, 210
Piaget and Concrete Operational Thinking, 210
Memory and Metacognition, 212
Language and Literacy Development, 213
Individual Differences in Intelligence, 214
Try This!: Exploring Your Concept of Intelligence, 217
Learning and Thinking in School, 218
New Demands and Expectations, 218
Developing Competent Learners and Critical Thinkers, 219
Success in School, 220
Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 222
Intellectual Disabilities, 223
Learning Disorders, 224
Changing Perspectives: Early Experience–Do Adverse Environments Cause Permanent Effects?, 225
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, 227
Chapter Summary, 228
Key Terms, 230
Chapter 9:
Middle Childhood: Personality and Sociocultural Development, 231
Personality Development in an Expanding Social World, 232
Three Perspectives on Middle Childhood, 232
Self-Concept, 233
Industry Versus Inferiority, 233
Self-Esteem, 233
Social Knowledge and Reasoning, 234
The Development of Social Cognition, 235
The Development of Morality, 235
Peer Relationships, 238
Functions of Friendship, 238
Developmental Patterns in Friendship, 239
Peer Groups, 240
Current Issues: Friends and Enemies, Bullies and Victims–The Social Life of School, 241
In-Groups, Out-Groups, and Prejudice, 242
Family Influences in Middle Childhood, 245
Parent—Child Interactions and Relationships, 245
The Changing Nature of the Family, 246
Changing Perspectives: Families Coping in Difficult Circumstances, 249
Try This!: The Impact of Divorce on Children, 250
Chapter Summary, 251
Key Terms, 253
Chapter 10:
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development, 254
Adolescent Development in a Cultural and Historical Context, 255
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood in the United States Today, 256
Physical Development and Adaptation, 258
Physical Growth and Change, 258
Puberty, 259
Current Issues: Diet and Exercise–Building a Healthy Lifestyle or an Eating Disorder?, 260
Body Image and Adjustment, 262
Gender Identity and Sexual Practices, 264
Six Decades of Changes in Sexual Practices, 264
Factors That Influence Early Sexual Relationships, 265
Consequences of Adolescent Sexual Behavior, 266
Cognitive Changes in Adolescence, 268
Brain Development in Adolescence, 268
Try This!: Exploring the Effects of Early Parenting, 269
Piaget’s Period of Formal Operations, 270
The Scope and Content of Adolescent Thought, 272
Changing Perspectives: How Adolescents Around the World Spend Their Time, 273
Chapter Summary, 276
Key Terms, 278
Chapter 11:
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development, 279
Developmental Tasks of Adolescence, 281
Achieving Autonomy, 281
Forming an Identity, 282
Identity Formation, Culture, and Context, 284
Current Issues: Ethnic Identity–A Key Component of Self-Definition, 285
Family Dynamics, 286
Intergenerational Communication, 286
Changing Perspectives: Family Obligation and Assistance During Adolescence, 288
Peer Relationships During Adolescence, 289
Social Comparison, 289
Cliques and Crowds, 290
Dating, 291
Peers and Parents: A Clash of Cultures, 291
Risk and Resilience in Adolescence, 292
Risk Taking, 292
The Use of Tobacco, Alcohol, Marijuana, and Other Drugs, 293
Delinquency, 296
Sexual Abuse of Adolescents, 296
Stress, Depression, and Coping, 298
Depression, 298
Risk Factors for Psychological Problems, 300
Try This!: Taking a Look at Adolescent Depression, 301
Protective Factors and Coping Responses, 302
Chapter Summary, 303
Key Terms, 305
Chapter 12:
Young Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development, 306
Perspectives on Adult Development, 308
Age Clocks and Social Norms, 308
Contextual Paradigms, 309
General Physical Development, 309
Strength and Stamina, 309
Changing Perspectives: History, Culture, and the Information Age, 310
Fitness and Health, 311
Current Issues: The Changing Face of HIV/AIDS, 314
Sex and Sexuality, 315
Fertility, 315
Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 315
Sexual Attitudes and Behavior, 316
Sexual Identity and Sexual Orientation, 317
Cognitive Development in Adulthood, 320
Beyond Formal Operations, 320
Postformal Thought, 321
Try This!: Exploring Postformal Thought, 322
Emotional Intelligence, 322
Schaie’s Stages of Adult Thinking, 323
Frameworks for Understanding Adult Development, 324
Stages and Contexts, 324
Havighurst’s Developmental Tasks, 325
Erikson’s Theory of Development, 325
Levinson’s Seasons of a Man’s Life, 325
The Limitations of Normative Models, 327
Gould’s Transformations in Early Adulthood, 327
A Closing Comment, 328
Chapter Summary, 329
Key Terms, 331
Chapter 13:
Young Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development, 332
Self, Family, and Work, 333
The Personal Self, 333
Self as Family Member, 335
Self as Worker, 335
Forming Close Relationships, 336
Adult Friendships, 337
Couple Formation and Development, 337
Marriage, 338
Cohabitation, 339
Gay and Lesbian Couples, 339
Staying Single, 340
Changing Perspectives: Living Together or Living Alone, 341
The Family Life Cycle and Adult Development, 342
The Family Life Cycle, 342
The Transition to Parenthood, 342
Coping with Children’s Developmental Stages, 344
Single Parenthood, 345
The Occupational Cycle, 347
Stages of Occupational Life, 347
Gaining a Place in the Workforce, 348
Careers and Career Choices, 348
Occupational Choice and Preparation, 349
Gender and Ethnicity, 350
Work and Gender, 351
Changes in Women’s Work Patterns, 351
The Many Meanings of Work, 351
Try This!: Exploring the Type of Career Best Matched to You, 352
The Role of Women in Careers, 352
The Dynamics of Dual-Earner Couples, 353
Current Issues: Juggling Work and Family Roles–The Special Challenge for Low-Income, Dual-Career Couples, 354
Chapter Summary, 356
Key Terms, 358
Chapter 14:
Middle Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development, 359
Development in Middle Adulthood, 360
Prime Time or the Beginning of the End?, 360
Midlife Crisis: Is It Real?, 361
Perceptions and Realities at Midlife, 362
Try This!: Just What Is Middle Age?, 363
Physical Continuity and Change, 363
Changes in Capabilities, 364
The Climacteric, 365
Sexuality in the Middle Years, 367
Disease and Health, 368
The Cumulative Effects of Health Habits, 370
Stress and Health, 371
Ethnicity, Poverty, and Health, 372
Current Issues: Health and Social Issues–Why Are Some Groups at Risk?, 373
Cognitive Continuity and Change, 374
Fluid Versus Crystallized Intelligence, 374
Experience and Expertise, 376
Changing Perspectives: Retraining for Today’s Technological Jobs, 377
Cognitive Skills in the Workplace, 377
Chapter Summary, 379
Key Terms, 380
Chapter 15:
Middle Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development, 381
Personality Continuity and Change, 383
The Tasks of Middle Adulthood, 383
Personal Reactions to Middle Adulthood, 384
Family and Friends: Interpersonal Contexts, 386
The Generation That Runs Things, 386
Relationships with Adult Children, 386
Current Issues: Studying Generativity in African American and White U.S. Families, 387
Relationships with Aging Parents, 388
Becoming a Grandparent, 390
Try This!: What Makes a Great Grandparent?, 391
Friendship: A Lifelong Perspective, 391
The Changing Family, 392
Marriage, Divorce, and Remarriage, 392
Blended Families, 395
Changing Perspectives: Blended Families–Themes and Variations, 396
Occupational Continuity and Change, 397
Job Change and Stress, 398
Continuity and Change in the Structure of Personality, 400
The Five-Factor Model, 400
Stability or Change?, 401
Chapter Summary, 402
Key Terms, 404
Chapter 16:
Older Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development, 405
Aging Today, 406
Ageism and Stereotypes, 406
Four Decades of Later Life, 408
The Physical Aspects of Aging, 410
The Changing Body, 411
Health, Disease, and Nutrition, 414
Changing Perspectives: Diabetes–Will Type 2 Diabetes Be the New Lifestyle Disease Epidemic?, 416
The Causes of Aging, 419
Theories of Aging, 419
Cognitive Changes in Advanced Age, 420
Understanding Various Aspects of Cognition, 420
Cognitive Decline, 424
Current Issues: Wisdom–Cross-Cultural or Culture Specific?, 425
Try This!: Exploring Alzheimer’s Disease, 428
Compensating for an Aging Mind, 429
Chapter Summary, 430
Key Terms, 432
Chapter 17:
Older Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development, 433
Personality and Aging, 434
Developmental Tasks in Older Adulthood, 434
Emotional Development in Older Adulthood, 436
Continuity and Change in Older Adulthood, 436
Current Issues: Psychological Well-Being in Later Adulthood, 438
Successful Aging, 439
Retirement: A Major Change in Status, 440
Adjusting to Retirement, 441
Retirement Options, 442
Family and Friends: Interpersonal Contexts, 444
When Parenting Is Over, 444
Try This!: Exploring the Dimensions of Grandparenting, 445
Caring for an Ill Spouse, 445
Widows and Widowers, 446
U.S. Social Policy and Older Adulthood, 448
The Demographics of Aging, 448
Lifestyle Options for Older Adults, 450
Changing Perspectives: Assisted Living–The In-Between Choice for Frail, Older Adults, 452
Goals for the Care of Older Adults, 452
Chapter Summary, 454
Key Terms, 455
Chapter 18:
Death and Dying, 456
Thoughts and Fears of Death, 457
Denial of Death, 457
Reactions to Death, 458
Managing the Anxiety Associated with One’s Own Death, 459
Current Issues: Searching for Meaning in Natural Disasters, Accidents, Terrorism, and Personal Tragedies, 459
Confronting One’s Own Death, 460
Death as the Final Developmental Task, 461
Stages of Adjustment, 461
Coping with Terminal Illness, 462
Alternative Trajectories, 462
The Search for a Humane Death, 464
Hospice, 464
Try This!: Exploring the Dimensions of Hospice Care, 465
The Right to Die, 465
Grief and Bereavement, 469
Grieving, 469
Bereavement in Cross-Cultural Perspective, 471
Rituals and Customs, 471
The Death of a Child, 472
Grieving When a Child Dies, 472
Changing Perspectives: Humane End-of-Life Care for Children Who Are Dying and for Their Families, 473
Completing the Life Cycle, 474
Chapter Summary, 475
Key Terms, 476
Answers to Review the Facts, 477
Glossary, 485
References, 495
Photo Credits, 545
Name Index, 547
Subject Index, 561
ABOUT THIS TITLE - DESCRIPTION
For undergraduate courses in Lifespan Development, Human Development An interdisciplinary approach with an emphasis on culture and family using an interdisciplinary approach which emphasizes culture and family, Understanding Human Development challenges students to understand development from a broader perspective. Students draw on their own experiences as they weigh the research and ideas presented in the text.
Textul de pe ultima copertă
MyDevelopmentLab with MyVirtualChild is a learning and assessment tool that allows instructors to assess student performance and adapt course content without investing a lot of additional time or resources.
Students benefit from this easy-to-use site with or without their instructor’s involvement. Students can test themselves on key content, track their progress, and utilize individually tailored study plan activities, including an e-book, simulations, newsfeeds, videos, and application exercises.
MyDevelopmentLab also provides students the opportunity to raise a virtual child from birth to age 18 and monitor the effects of specific parenting decisions over time.
Students benefit from this easy-to-use site with or without their instructor’s involvement. Students can test themselves on key content, track their progress, and utilize individually tailored study plan activities, including an e-book, simulations, newsfeeds, videos, and application exercises.
MyDevelopmentLab also provides students the opportunity to raise a virtual child from birth to age 18 and monitor the effects of specific parenting decisions over time.
Caracteristici
In Understanding Human Development, the feature Changing Perspectives explores controversies about human development, often within a specific cultural context, and encourages thought and discussion.
Incorporated into the body of each chapter are questions that encourage readers to develop critical thinking skills by drawing together disparate information to form an opinion or by asking them to apply ideas discussed in the text to their own lives and experiences. These critical thinking questions, presented in the margins of the pages, encourage students to consider the relevance of developmental concepts and events in the context of their own lives.
Current Issues emphasizes the “doing” of developmental research and provides an opportunity for students to conceptualize how research projects help us better understand the processes involved in human development.
Try This! Instructions to help students explore on their own some of the fundamental developmental issues and cultural controversies that are woven through any discussion of human development, thereby giving them the opportunity to challenge and extend their own thinking and expertise in this field.
Each chapter begins with a set of Chapter Questions that pose overarching themes in question format. These questions are intended to stimulate interest in the main topics to be considered and to serve as a preview of the major content included in the upcoming chapter.
Each major section of the chapter is followed by a study aid we call Review the Facts. Each of these review sections includes a variety of questions posed in different formats (multiple choice, fill-in-the-blank, and so forth) that test the student’s ability to recall important ideas from the preceding section of text. Answers to these questions can be found in the student study guide and companion website, and the instructor’s manual
Understanding Human Development is a briefer development book by focusing on the most recent and relevant research. No key content areas have been skipped or given less attention. Instead, by focusing on the research that is both cutting-edge and compelling to the field, Understanding Human Development will allow instructors the opportunity to cover all the areas essential to the Human Development course.
Incorporated into the body of each chapter are questions that encourage readers to develop critical thinking skills by drawing together disparate information to form an opinion or by asking them to apply ideas discussed in the text to their own lives and experiences. These critical thinking questions, presented in the margins of the pages, encourage students to consider the relevance of developmental concepts and events in the context of their own lives.
Current Issues emphasizes the “doing” of developmental research and provides an opportunity for students to conceptualize how research projects help us better understand the processes involved in human development.
Try This! Instructions to help students explore on their own some of the fundamental developmental issues and cultural controversies that are woven through any discussion of human development, thereby giving them the opportunity to challenge and extend their own thinking and expertise in this field.
Each chapter begins with a set of Chapter Questions that pose overarching themes in question format. These questions are intended to stimulate interest in the main topics to be considered and to serve as a preview of the major content included in the upcoming chapter.
Each major section of the chapter is followed by a study aid we call Review the Facts. Each of these review sections includes a variety of questions posed in different formats (multiple choice, fill-in-the-blank, and so forth) that test the student’s ability to recall important ideas from the preceding section of text. Answers to these questions can be found in the student study guide and companion website, and the instructor’s manual
Understanding Human Development is a briefer development book by focusing on the most recent and relevant research. No key content areas have been skipped or given less attention. Instead, by focusing on the research that is both cutting-edge and compelling to the field, Understanding Human Development will allow instructors the opportunity to cover all the areas essential to the Human Development course.
Caracteristici noi
The 2nd edition of Grace Craig and Wendy Dunn’s Understanding Human Development incorporates a substantive revision to text content with a notable expansion and improvement in the quality of the pedagogy that supports the text.
Focus for the Text Revision:
Focus on Improved Pedagogical Support:
Listing of Specific Changes to Chapters in the 2nd Edition:
Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Development
Chapter 2: Heredity and Environment
Chapter 3: Prenatal Development and Childbirth
Chapter 4: Infancy and Toddlerhood: Physical, Cognitive, and Language Development
Chapter 5: Infancy and Toddlerhood: Personality and Sociocultural Development
Chapter 6: Early Childhood: Physical, Cognitive, and Language Development
Chapter 7: Early Childhood: Personality and Sociocultural Development
Chapter 8: Middle Childhood: Physical and Cognitive Development
Chapter 9: Middle Childhood: Personality and Sociocultural Development
Chapter 10: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development
Chapter 11: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development
Chapter 12: Young Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development
· New information about the physical activity levels that characterize young adulthood
· Updated information about the changing face of AIDS and its treatment around the world
· Updated coverage of sexual behavior among young adults, including a discussion of biological and social factors linked to sexual orientation
· New research about a prolonged process of identity formation during a period of emerging adulthood
Chapter 13: Young Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development
Chapter 14: Middle Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development
Chapter 15: Middle Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development
Chapter 16: Older Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development
Chapter 17: Older Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development
Chapter 18: Death and Dying
Focus for the Text Revision:
- Although the 1st edition of Understanding Human Development paid special attention to the cross-cultural forces that set the context for development, the 2nd edition expands this treatment. Cross-cultural perspectives, broadly defined, are emphasized in every chapter, including increased coverage of comparative research about development in non-U.S. cultures, and expanded coverage and analysis about issues of race, class, and gender within the United States. Research on cross-cultural explanations is updated throughout the text.
- New research on brain development is integrated throughout the 2nd edition, including an updated treatment of methods used to study the developing brain as well as clear, accurate description of the changes in brain development that occur in infancy, childhood, adolescence, middle adulthood, and older adulthood. The text emphasizes how cutting-edge research on developmental changes in the brain helps explain common developmental phenomena, such as why risky behavior is common in late adolescence and early adulthood and why older adults experience age-related changes in cognition and emotion.
- The text presents new research that focuses on the period of “emerging adulthood,” that segment of the lifespan which bridges between adolescence and adulthood and is becoming increasingly significant in the development of individuals raised in economically developed, modern societies. Indeed, many college students find themselves in this “in-between” period and the text’s presentation of this new field of emerging adulthood will provide a personally meaningful treatment of developmental processes for these students.
- The research base of the text has been brought up to date by including the most recent statistical information about population trends as well as a thorough integration of the newest research in developmental psychology. In all, over 1,100 new reference citations were added to the 2nd edition, nearly all of which were drawn from sources published after 2003.
Focus on Improved Pedagogical Support:
- A completely new Test Item File was written by Wendy Dunn to better support the assessment of student learning from the text. The new Test File includes items testing factual content, referenced to the page in the text where the information is presented, but more importantly includes a large set of conceptual items that assess the student’s ability to apply, analyze, and evaluate information presented in the text and use it to enhance an integrated understanding of development processes and events. Each of the conceptual items includes not only the correct response and text reference where relevant information can be found, but also an analysis of why the correct response is the best choice among the alternatives presented.
- The 2nd edition includes expanded opportunities for students to view visual demonstrations and cues to learning by including in each chapter a set of icons linked to short, targeted video segments stored on the Internet. Because the response to the video icons included in the 1st edition was so positive, the authors developed an additional set of over 30 new video segments, each of which was written, filmed, produced, edited, and narrated by undergraduate students using the Understanding Human Development text. These videos provide a student’s view of the major issues covered in each of the text’s chapters and substantially expand the students’ opportunities to meaningfully engage with core content of the book.
- A new and improved Instructor’s Manual was written, and it is supported by a creative and professionally-developed set of PowerPoint slides. The plan for these ancillary manuals was carefully developed by the text authors and every step of their production was reviewed so that their quality and coverage matches perfectly with the content and focus of the 2nd edition of Understanding Human Development.
Listing of Specific Changes to Chapters in the 2nd Edition:
Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Development
- Greater attention to the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among children raised in war-torn societies
- Updated and reorganized introduction to genetic mechanisms, developmental neuroscience, and evolutionary forces, set within the context of how biological forces act on and shape human developmental processes
Chapter 2: Heredity and Environment
- Streamlined coverage of protein synthesis and updated coverage of new techniques in genetic engineering
- Updated coverage of the heritability of cognitive ability and personality, with attention to the central role of interactive processes
Chapter 3: Prenatal Development and Childbirth
- Updated coverage of the link between adequate prenatal care and the reduction of infant mortality rates around the world
- Updated coverage of the world AIDS epidemic, along with a discussion of the treatments currently used to combat this disease
- Expanded coverage of the effects of maternal diseases during pregnancy
- Updated coverage of recent research on the link between alcohol consumption, marijuana use, and the use of other drugs during pregnancy on birth defects and the health of the newborn
- Increased attention to the role of the father or partner in preparing for childbirth and in adapting to the newborn
- Highlighted the success of nurse-family partnership programs that provide effective intervention support for families and newborns at risk
Chapter 4: Infancy and Toddlerhood: Physical, Cognitive, and Language Development
- Updated research on sudden infant death syndrome and shaken baby syndrome
- Expanded coverage about the role of biological maturation in motor development and the role of genetics in the development of language
- Updated research on the outcomes of breast-feeding within a cross-cultural perspective
- Presented new research on the development of visual attention and processing of visual information, as well as on sensory integration
- Included new research information about cross-cultural features of early language development
Chapter 5: Infancy and Toddlerhood: Personality and Sociocultural Development
- Increased emphasis on the significance of the earliest newborn-caregiver interactions that occur in the first hours following birth
- Updated Mary Rothbart’s view of temperament, emphasizing the role that biology plays in development
- Increased coverage about the important roles that fathers play in early social and personality development
- Explored in depth new research about the impact of various child care arrangements on cognitive and language development, social behavior, emotional development and attachment, and health and physical growth
Chapter 6: Early Childhood: Physical, Cognitive, and Language Development
- Updated research on the development of “handedness” and brain lateralization
- Expanded coverage of cross-cultural aspects involved in the development of “mind”
- Updated research on the development of early memory strategies and the links between memory and language
- Explored cross-cultural aspects of the development of non-verbal communication, including intonation patterns and gesturing
Chapter 7: Early Childhood: Personality and Sociocultural Development
- Updated research on how young children spend their time
- Presented new research on the impact of media on brain development and social development
- Explored cross-cultural features in the development of prosocial behavior, as well as peer acceptance and rejection
- Presented updated research on gender differences in early childhood
- Expanded coverage of cultural differences in parenting practices and on developmental outcomes
- Presented new research on physical abuse and neglect of young children
Chapter 8: Middle Childhood: Physical and Cognitive Development
- Expanded coverage of brain development in middle childhood, including the roles of myelination of neurons and neural pruning
- Updated research on asthma, noting its rapidly increasing incidence, and emphasizing the role of gene-environment interactions as well as the cross-cultural dimensions of this disease
- Updated coverage of childhood obesity
- New section on psychological disorders that occur during middle childhood and their treatments, with special attention to autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
- Updated research on school success, with emphasis on outcomes associated with “learning” versus “performance” motivational orientations
- Updated research on parenting practices and the development of self-efficacy
- Updated coverage of the No Child Left Behind program and the Individuals with Disabilities Educational Act
- Increased coverage of the biological factors involved in the development of learning disabilities and of ADHD
Chapter 9: Middle Childhood: Personality and Sociocultural Development
- Updated research on childhood friendships and other peer relationships important in middle childhood
- Updated research on the changing nature of the U. S. family
- Updated coverage of various forms of family stress and their impact on children’s development
Chapter 10: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development
- New coverage about the period of “emerging adulthood” as a discreet developmental period
- Expanded coverage of cultural factors as they influence the experience of adolescence
- Updated coverage of teenage obesity
- Updated coverage on sexual practices among U. S. teenagers as well as the consequences of adolescent sexual behavior
- New research on the development of brain during adolescence and emerging adulthood that helps explain self-awareness, self-concept, social cognition, and typical social behavior
- Updated coverage about adolescent egocentrism as a positive coping mechanism as well as a factor in risky decision making
Chapter 11: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development
- Expanded coverage of cross-cultural features in adolescent development
- Updated coverage about identity formation, including cross-cultural similarities and common developmental features in identity achievement
- Updated coverage of the development of ethnic identity
- Expanded coverage of the roles played by mothers and by fathers in adolescent development
- New information about the impact of the Internet on adolescent development
- Updated coverage of adolescence risk behaviors, including the use of alcohol, marijuana, and other drugs
- Expanded coverage of depression among adolescents, including attention to various risk factors associated with teen suicide
Chapter 12: Young Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development
· New information about the physical activity levels that characterize young adulthood
· Updated information about the changing face of AIDS and its treatment around the world
· Updated coverage of sexual behavior among young adults, including a discussion of biological and social factors linked to sexual orientation
· New research about a prolonged process of identity formation during a period of emerging adulthood
Chapter 13: Young Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development
- Expanded coverage of cross-cultural factors involved in becoming independent from parents
- New coverage on cohabitation as an alternative to marriage
- Updated coverage about living arrangements of young adults, including those with children
- Increased attention to links between living arrangements, single parenthood, and socioeconomic factors
- Updated coverage of gender differences in career choices and in work roles, both on the job at in the home
Chapter 14: Middle Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development
- Expanded coverage of links between sensory decline in middle adulthood and other age-related changes
- Updated coverage of the effects of menopause
- Updated coverage of sexuality in middle adulthood
- Enhanced coverage of chronic health conditions experienced among working age adults, including alcohol abuse and addiction and tobacco use
- New research comparing stress factors faced by adults today to those experienced by adults in decades past
- New coverage of brain changes in middle adulthood
Chapter 15: Middle Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development
- Updated coverage of gender differences in roles in and reactions to middle adulthood
- Expanded coverage of cross-cultural perspectives in launching adolescent children into adulthood
- Updated coverage of roles filled by grandparents
- Expanded and updated coverage of current trends in marriage, divorce, and remarriage, along with a consideration of myths about divorce
- Expanded coverage of environmental influences on mental health in middle adulthood
- New coverage of how the Five Factor personality traits change across adulthood
Chapter 16: Older Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development
- Updated statistics about the changing shape of the U. S. population of older adults — the “aging” of America
- Increased emphasis on the links between physical activity in older adulthood and positive physical as well as cognitive outcomes
- New research on age-related changes in visual search strategies with implications for the development of driving difficulties
- New attention to chronic health conditions, including obesity, and their impact on older adults
- Enhanced and updated coverage on the increased use of prescription drugs in older adulthood, including implications of rapidly increased costs of medicine
- New research on brain changes in older adulthood, especially in the frontal cortex
- Increased attention to changes in cognitive ability in older adulthood, emphasizing recent cross-sectional and longitudinal results for the Seattle Longitudinal Study
- Enhanced coverage of social and cross-cultural influences on the development of wisdom
- New and expanded coverage on Alzheimer’s disease
Chapter 17: Older Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development
- New attention to how older adults process emotional information so as to construct a positive world view
- Updated treatment of health factors commonly found among older adults
- Updated coverage of gender differences in older adulthood, including adjustment to widowhood
- Updated statistics on retirement trends
- Expanded and updated coverage of the roles that older grandparents play in modern family life
- Updated coverage of trends in living arrangement among older adults, including the option of living in a nursing home
Chapter 18: Death and Dying
- New coverage of how older adults confront their own mortality
- Expanded coverage of hospice care
- New research about the psychological dimensions of grief and bereavement