This is Volume II of five in a series on Epistemology and Metaphysics. Originally published in 1955, this text has main areas: that change which has come over philosophy as we have come to realize how very strange philosophical questions are and presents a certain new view of philosophy and its associated new philosophical procedure; second, it presents typical philosophical disputes and illustrates the new procedure, asking what has led philosophers to say the extraordinary things they have said. At this stage the study aims to carry this inquiry only far enough to reveal some of the confusions, excuses and reasons behind philosophical doctrines. Finally, the inquiry is carried further and submits that there are often causes for adherence to a philosophical theory, deeper than those which appear when we ask the reasons for the theory. In illustration of this it ventures in outline a surmise as to one of the deeper sources which lie behind the old and phoenix-like paradox ‘Change is unreal’.