The climate issue is at the center of discussions related to the high frequency and greater intensity of devastating natural disasters, establishing a new term: “climate crisis.” This book explores the dialogue between the biosphere and the climate system and analyzes the threats to the biosphere from current climate change. It evaluates existing unsolved problems concerning the changes in the biosphere caused by human activities, especially those that are thought to be irreversible, such as the increase of carbon dioxide, the pollution of air, soil, fresh, and salt water, and deforestation. It focuses on the new techniques of studying the climate system and the methods that lead to the interconnection with the biosphere. 
Features

• A comprehensive evaluation of the present-day understanding of the evolution of the climate–biosphere system evolution.
• Discusses the parameters of biogeochemical cycles and other environmental processes in the context of climate–biosphere interdependence.
• Explores interactive modeling of the natural and anthropogenic processes, and the link between their components.
• Describes the biosphere as a complex system and includes survivability indicators and development, verification, and application of climate–biosphere models.
• Highlights a new approach and relevant results of the internal variability of the climatic system based on the paleoreconstruction of the climate.
• Explains the operational diagnostics, the estimation of the scale of damage, and the aftermath reduction of the stressful natural, biological, and hydrogeochemical processes.

This reference is for professionals, researchers, academics, and students in Biology, Climatology, Ecology, Atmospheric Sciences, Geophysics, Hydrology, and Socio-Economic Sciences.