The 11th Armoured Division, also known as the Black Bull, was an armoured division of the British Army which was created in March 1941. The division was formed in response to the unanticipated success of the German panzer divisions. The 11th Armoured was responsible for several major victories in the Battle of Normandy in the summer of 1944, shortly after the D-day landings of 6 June 1944, and it participated in the rapid advance across France, Belgium and the Netherlands and, later, the Rhine crossing in March 1945, and later invaded Germany. Without doubt, the 11th Armoured Division surely earned its moniker of the Black Bull. After the painful beginnings in Operation Epsom it learnt its lessons and evolved tactics and doctrine throughout the war, including the conversion of most of its Stuarts to Jalopies before Goodwood and the tight co-operation employed between infantry and armoured units after Goodwood. It continually hounded the German units facing it and crashed through defences on numerous occasions thanks to superb leadership at all levels and also a dash, élan, skill and determination that could be matched by few other divisions during the war. It can truly be recognised as one of the prize armoured divisions of the British Army at its zenith during the latter part of the war.