Surgical thoracoscopy

References.- Instrumentation for thoracoscopic surgery.- 1. Optical system.- 2. Irrigation-suction system.- 3. Electrocautery.- 4. Lasers.- 5. Instrumentation.- 6. Conclusion.- References.- Basic techniques in thoracoscopic surgery.- 1. General considerations.- 2. Preparation.- 3. Trocar insertion.- 4. Endoscope.- 5. Instruments.- 6. Suturing techniques.- 7. Stapling techniques.- 8. Chest drainage.- References.- Anesthesia for thoracoscopy.- 1. Pre-operative evaluation.- 2. Intra-operative monitoring.- 3. Anesthetic management.- 4. Post-operative course.- References.- The role of thoracoscopy in the diagnosis of pleural pathology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Pleural pathology without pleurisy.- 3. Pleural pathology with pleurisy.- 4. The role of pleural needle-biopsy.- 5. The role of thoracoscopy.- 6. The role of thoracotomy.- 7. Conclusion.- References.- The role of thoracoscopy in the treatment of chronic pleural effusion.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Etiology.- 3. Methods of treatment.- 4. Indications.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- Thoracoscopic treatment of pneumothorax (A-D) A) Principles of the thoracoscopic approach.- 1. General considerations.- 2. Classification of pseudopneumocysts of the lungs.- 3. Treatment planning for PPC of the lungs.- 4. Equipment.- 5. Anesthesia.- 6. Techniques.- References.- B) Laser treatment of pseudopneumocysts of the lung.- 1. Spontaneous pneumothorax.- 2. Diffuse bullous emphysema.- References.- C) Laser pleurodesis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Method.- 3. Results.- 4. Discussion.- References.- D) Pleural abrasion and pleurectomy.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Operative technique.- 3. Results.- 4. Discussion.- References.- Endoscopic procedures in lung and mediastinal surgery.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Common techniques and equipment used in endoscopic thoracicsurgery.- 3. Resection of lung parenchyma.- 4. Thoracoscopic surgery of the mediastinum.- 5. Thoracoscopic surgery of the pericardium.- 6. Chest wall and miscellaneous aspects.- 7. Conclusion.- References.- Thoracoscopic treatment of empyema thoracis.- 1. General considerations.- 2. Assessment of lung expansibility.- 3. Debridement.- 4. Drain placement and post-operative irrigation.- 5. Biopsy.- 6. Foreign bodies.- 7. Conclusion.- References.- Thoracoscopic sympathectomy.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical perspective.- 3. Indications and patient selection.- 4. Technique.- 5. Results.- 6. Why thoracoscopic sympathectomy?.- References.- Thoracoscopic surgery of the esophagus.- 1. Esophagectomy.- 2. Truncal vagotomy.- 3. Other procedures.- 4. Prospects in endoscopic esophageal surgery.- References.