This document is an assessment of current enforcement challenges and needs. It provides a three-year strategy for verifying needs and testing methods for enforcement within the National Marine Sanctuary System. This report is organized into five sections, focusing on 1) general background and introduction; 2) enforcement approach; 3) status of sanctuary enforcement and existing or potential technologies; 4) enforcement challenges; and 5) options for funding the three-year enforcement strategy. The strategy was developed through a series of steps, engaging staff from across the ONMS as well as OLE, and is based on priority enforcement challenges.