During the Second World War there were some 4,500 Jews of Spanish nationality living in the areas under German rule. The subject of this study is the way in which the Franco regime responded to the persecution and discrimination they were subjected to. It is the first study of its kind to evaluate all the relevant German and Spanish sources. Its central focus is the Heimschaffungsaktion, a repatriation drive in which the German government confronted a number of neutral and allied countries with an ultimatum to the effect that Jewish nationals from those countries living on German-ruled territory would be deported in the event of non-repatriation. Spain's agreement to accept the return of its Jews was dilatory and reluctant.