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Social Research: Approaches and Fundamentals de Bruce C. Straits

Social Research: Approaches and Fundamentals

Autor Bruce C. Straits, Royce A. Singleton, Jr.
en Limba Engleză Paperback – 5 dec 2017
Revised and updated in its sixth edition, Social Research: Approachs and Fundamentals is a rigorous yet clear and engaging introduction to research methods. Covering all of the fundamentals in a straightforward, student-friendly manner, it is ideal for undergraduate- and graduate-level courses across the social sciences and also serves as an indispensable guide for researchers. Striking a balance between specific techniques and the underlying logic of scientific inquiry, this book provides a lucid treatment of the four major approaches to research: experimentation, survey research, field research, and the use of available data. Richly developed examples of empirical research and an emphasis on the research process enable students to better understand the real-world application of research methods. The authors also offer a unique chapter (13) advocating a multiple-methods strategy.
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Specificații

ISBN-13: 9780190635107
ISBN-10: 019063510X
Pagini: 624
Ilustrații: 38
Dimensiuni: 178 x 257 x 36 mm
Greutate: 1.07 kg
Ediția:6
Editura: Oxford University Press
Colecția OUP USA
Locul publicării:New York, United States

Notă biografică

Bruce C. Straits is Professor Emeritus of Sociology at the University of California, Santa Barbara.Royce A. Singleton, Jr., is Professor of Sociology at the College of the Holy Cross.

Cuprins

  • Preface
  • Chapter 1 / Introduction
  • Why Study Research Methods?
  • Consuming Research Evidence
  • Producing Research Evidence
  • Methodological Approaches to the Social World
  • Some Preliminary Research Questions
  • An Experimental Answer
  • An Answer from Survey Research
  • An Answer from Field Research
  • An Answer from Available Data
  • Conclusions
  • An Overview of the Book
  • Chapter 2 / The Nature of Science
  • The Aim of Science
  • Science as Product
  • Scientific versus Nonscientific Questions
  • Knowledge as Description
  • Knowledge as Explanation and Prediction
  • Knowledge as Understanding
  • Tentative Knowledge
  • Science as Process
  • Durkheim's Study of Suicide
  • Logical Reasoning
  • Empiricism
  • Objectivity
  • Control
  • Critiques of Scientific Inquiry
  • The Ideal and the Reality of Scientific Inquiry
  • Alternative Models of Social "Science"
  • Summary
  • PART I / RESEARCH DESIGN
  • Chapter 3 / Elements of Research Design
  • Origins of Research Topics
  • Units of Analysis
  • Aggregate Data
  • Ecological Fallacy
  • Variables
  • Types of Variables
  • Relationships
  • Relationships among Qualitative Variables
  • Relationships among Quantitative Variables
  • Relationships between a Qualitative and a Quantitative Variable
  • Statistically Significant Relationships
  • The Nature of Causal Relationships
  • Formulating Questions and Hypotheses
  • Research Purposes and Research Design
  • Stages of Social Research
  • Stage 1: Formulation of the Research Question
  • Stage 2: Preparation of the Research Design
  • Stage 3: Measurement
  • Stage 4: Sampling
  • Stage 5: Data Collection
  • Stage 6: Data Processing
  • Stage 7: Data Analysis and Interpretation
  • Summary
  • Chapter 4 / Measurement
  • The Measurement Process
  • Conceptualization
  • Operationalization
  • Operational Definitions in Social Research
  • Verbal Reports
  • Observation
  • Archival Records
  • Selection of Operational Definitions
  • Levels of Measurement
  • Nominal Measurement
  • Ordinal Measurement
  • Interval Measurement
  • Ratio Measurement
  • Discussion
  • Reliability and Validity
  • Sources of Error
  • Reliability Assessment
  • Test-Retest Reliability
  • Split-Half and Internal Consistency Reliability
  • Intercoder Reliability
  • Improving Reliability
  • Validity Assessment
  • Subjective Validation
  • Criterion-Related Validation
  • Construct Validation
  • A Final Note on Reliability and Validity
  • Summary
  • Chapter 5 / Sampling
  • Why Sample?
  • Population Definition
  • Sampling Designs
  • Probability Sampling
  • Random Selection
  • Simple Random Sampling
  • Stratified Random Sampling
  • Cluster Sampling
  • Systematic Sampling
  • Nonprobability Sampling
  • Convenience Sampling
  • Purposive Sampling
  • Quota Sampling
  • Other Sampling Designs
  • Combined Probability and Nonprobability Sampling
  • Referral Sampling
  • Factors Affecting Choice of Sampling Design
  • Stage of Research and Data Use
  • Available Resources
  • Method of Data Collection
  • Factors Determining Sample Size
  • Population Heterogeneity
  • Desired Precision
  • Sampling Design
  • Available Resources
  • Number of Breakdowns Planned
  • Final Notes on Sampling Errors and Generalizability
  • Summary
  • PART II / METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
  • Chapter 6 / Experimentation
  • The Logic of Experimentation
  • Testing Causal Relations
  • Matching and Random Assignment
  • Internal and External Validity
  • Sampling in Experiments
  • Staging Experiments
  • An Example: Who Will Intervene?
  • Subject Recruitment and Acquisition of Informed Consent
  • Introduction to the Experiment
  • The Experimental Manipulation
  • Manipulation Checks
  • Measurement of the Dependent Variable
  • Debriefing
  • Pretesting
  • Experimental and Mundane Realism
  • The Experiment as a Social Occasion
  • Demand Characteristics
  • Evaluation Apprehension
  • Other Motives of Experimental Subjects
  • Experimenter Effects
  • Minimizing Bias Due to the Social Nature of Experimentation
  • Experimentation Outside the Laboratory
  • Field Experiments
  • Experimental Designs in Survey Research
  • Units of Analysis Other than Individuals
  • Summary
  • Chapter 7 / Experimental Designs
  • Threats to Internal Validity
  • Pre-experimental Designs
  • Design 1: The One-Shot Case Study
  • Design 2: The One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design
  • Design 3: The Static Group Comparison
  • True Experimental Designs
  • Design 4: The Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design
  • Design 5: The Posttest-Only Control Group Design
  • Design 6: The Solomon Four-Group Design
  • Within-Subjects Designs
  • Overview of True Experimental Designs
  • Factorial Experimental Designs
  • Interaction Effects
  • Quasi-experimental Designs
  • Example 1: Interracial Attitudes and Behavior at a Summer Camp
  • Example 2: The Connecticut Crackdown on Speeding
  • Summary
  • Chapter 8 / Survey Research
  • General Features of Survey Research
  • Large-Scale Probability Sampling
  • Systematic Procedures: Interviews and Questionnaires
  • Quantitative Data Analysis
  • Secondary Analysis of Surveys
  • Survey Research Designs
  • Cross-Sectional Designs
  • Longitudinal Designs
  • Steps in Survey Research: Planning
  • Face-to-Face and Telephone Interviewing
  • Face-to-Face Interviewing
  • Telephone Interviewing
  • Paper-and-Pencil Questionnaires
  • Computer-Assisted Self-Interviews
  • Mixed-Mode Surveys
  • Field Administration
  • Interviewer Selection
  • Interviewer Training
  • Pretesting
  • Gaining Access
  • Interviewing
  • Supervision and Quality Control
  • Follow-Up Efforts
  • Strengths and Limitations of Surveys
  • Summary
  • Chapter 9 / Survey Instrumentation
  • The Survey as a Social Occasion
  • Materials Available to the Survey Designer
  • Open-Ended and Closed-Ended Questions
  • Direct and Indirect Questions
  • Response Formats
  • Visual and Media Aids
  • Existing Questions
  • "Sketches" or Preliminaries
  • The Opening
  • The Placement of Sensitive and Routine Questions
  • Order, Flow, and Transition
  • Filling in the Sketch: Writing the Items
  • Using Language Effectively
  • The "Frame of Reference" Problem
  • Reason Analysis
  • Memory Problems
  • Response Bias Problems
  • Format Considerations
  • Mixed-Mode Instrument Designs
  • Pretesting
  • Cognitive Laboratory Interviews
  • Field Pretesting
  • Summary
  • Chapter 10 / Field Research
  • General Features of Field Research
  • Rudimentary, Emergent Research Design
  • Direct Observation in Natural Settings
  • Unstructured and Semi-structured Interviewing
  • Qualitative Data Analysis
  • Stages of Field Research
  • A Field Study of the Homeless
  • Selecting a Research Setting
  • Gaining Access
  • Presenting Oneself
  • Gathering Information
  • Analyzing the Data
  • Strengths and Limitations of Field Research
  • Summary
  • Chapter 11 / Research Using Available Data
  • Sources of Available Data
  • Public Documents and Official Records
  • Private Documents
  • Mass Media
  • Physical, Nonverbal Evidence
  • Social Science Data Archives
  • Big Data
  • General Methodological Issues in Available-Data Research
  • Searching for and Procuring Available Data
  • Measurement of Key Concepts
  • Data Evaluation and Adjustment
  • Assessment of Data Completeness
  • Historical Analysis
  • Descriptive and Analytical History
  • Handling Documentary Evidence
  • Historical Interpretation
  • Content Analysis
  • Selecting and Defining Content Categories
  • Defining the Unit of Analysis
  • Deciding on a System of Enumeration
  • Carrying Out the Analysis
  • Strengths and Limitations of Research Using Available Data
  • Summary
  • Chapter 12 / Multiple Methods
  • Triangulation
  • Multiple Measures of Concepts within the Same Study
  • Composite Measures: Indexes and Scales
  • Structural Equation Modeling
  • Multiple Tests of Hypotheses across Different Studies
  • Replications Using the Same Research Strategy: Social Exclusion and Helping
  • Replications Using Different Research Strategies
  • A Comparison of the Four Basic Approaches to Social Research
  • Meta-Analysis
  • Problem Formulation
  • Data Collection
  • Data Evaluation
  • Analysis and Interpretation
  • Public Presentation
  • Summary
  • Chapter 13 / Evaluation Research
  • Framework and Sample Studies
  • Example 1: Aid to Released Prisoners
  • Example 2: Curbing Drunk Driving
  • Example 3:Immunizing against Gang Membership and Delinquency
  • Types of Evaluation Research
  • Problem Identification: Conceptualization and Diagnosis
  • Policy Planning: Needs and Social Impact Assessments
  • Program Development: Formative Evaluation
  • Program Implementation: Process Evaluation
  • Program Evaluation: Effect and Efficiency Assessment
  • Methodological Issues in Evaluation Research
  • Theory as a Guide to Research
  • Research Design and Internal Validity
  • Measurement Validity
  • External Validity
  • The Social and Political Context of Evaluation Research
  • Summary
  • PART III / DATA PROCESSING, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION
  • Chapter 14 / Data Processing and Elementary Data Analysis
  • Preview of Analysis Steps
  • Data Processing
  • Editing
  • Coding
  • Entering the Data
  • Cleaning
  • Data Matrices and Documentation
  • The Functions of Statistics in Social Research
  • Inspecting and Modifying the Data
  • Nominal- and Ordinal-Scale Variables
  • Interval- and Ratio-Scale Variables
  • Preliminary Hypothesis Testing
  • Nominal- and Ordinal-Scale Variables
  • Interval- and Ratio-Scale Variables
  • Summary
  • Chapter 15 / Multivariate Analysis
  • Modeling Relationships
  • Arrow Diagrams
  • Stochastic and Systematic Components
  • The Process of Modeling
  • Elaboration: Tables and Beyond
  • Multiple-Regression Analysis
  • Example 1: The Moral Integration of American Cities
  • Example 2: Interscholastic Sports and Academic Achievement
  • Example 3: Alcohol Consumption, Sleep, and Academic Performance
  • Other Modeling Techniques
  • Summary
  • Chapter 16 / Research Ethics
  • Data Collection and Analysis
  • Treatment of Human Subjects
  • Harm
  • Informed Consent
  • Deception
  • Privacy
  • Making Ethical Decisions
  • Values in Social Research: Science and Society
  • The Issue of Value Neutrality
  • Managing Personal Values
  • The Application of Research Findings
  • Summary
  • Chapter 17 / Writing Research Reports
  • Searching the Literature
  • Using the Internet
  • Using the library
  • Outlining and Preparing to Write
  • Major Headings
  • The Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Literature Review
  • Methods
  • Findings
  • Discussion
  • References
  • Revision and Other Considerations
  • Length
  • Avoiding Plagiarism
  • Publishing a Research Paper
  • Summary
  • Glossary
  • References
  • Name Index
  • Subject Index