This text is the first complete study and monograph dedicated to singular traces. For mathematical readers the text offers, due to Nigel Kalton's contribution, a complete theory of traces on symmetrically normed ideals of compact operators. For mathematical physicists and other users of Connes' noncommutative geometry the text offers a complete reference to Dixmier traces and the deeper mathematical features of singular traces. An application section explores the consequences of these features, which previously were not discussed in general texts on noncommutative geometry.