The samurai are often viewed monolithically as fearsome warriors, driven by a fixed code-the Bushido-and bent on dying in service to a lord, or daimyo. However, the Tokugawa Era, the long period of peace (1600 to 1868) after the Shogunate had centralized control in Japan, forced them to adjust. While many samurai continued to uphold martial values, others became bureaucrats, teachers, scholars, artists, and even entrepreneurs.In Samurai: A Biography in Twelve Lives, Constantine Nomikos Vaporis uses the lives of individual samurai during the Tokugawa Period to illuminate and explore this transformation. Twelve biographical portraits, ranging from that of legendary figures like Asano Naganori, to Niijima Yae, one of the few women to achieve warrior renown, illustrate the diversity of experience. Vaporis offers a riveting and comprehensive picture of their evolving identities. As he shows, samurai navigated the societal changes brought on by the "Great Peace" by balancing their warrior heritage with the demands of peacetime service, grappling with financial hardship and reinterpreting loyalty in a shifting political landscape.Vaporis provides a hauntingly humane portrayal of these historical figures while offering readers a deeper understanding of Japan's early modern era.