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Sacred Rivals: Catholic Missions and the Making of Islam in Nineteenth-Century France and Algeria de Joseph W. Peterson

Sacred Rivals: Catholic Missions and the Making of Islam in Nineteenth-Century France and Algeria

Autor Joseph W. Peterson
en Limba Engleză Hardback – 12 apr 2023

În volumul Sacred Rivals, Joseph W. Peterson analizează o perioadă crucială de transformare ideologică, situată între 1839 și anii 1870, în contextul misiunilor catolice franceze din Algeria. Descoperim aici modul în care perspectiva clerului francez s-a radicalizat: dacă inițial Abbé Jacques Suchet vedea în religiozitatea musulmană un teren fertil pentru dialog sau convertire, succesorii săi de peste câteva decenii au ajuns să catalogheze populația locală drept inerentă „leneșă” sau „mincinoasă”. Această schimbare de paradigmă este esențială pentru a înțelege nașterea a ceea ce autorul numește „orientalismul catolic”.

Apreciem rigoarea cu care Peterson demonstrează un paradox istoric: adesea, catolicii conservatori au fost cei care au manifestat o formă de simpatie față de pietatea musulmană, văzând în ea un aliat împotriva secularismului francez. În schimb, catolicii liberali, dorind să se alinieze „misiunii civilizatoare” a statului, au fost primii care au denigrat Islamul ca fiind înapoiat sau teocratic. Lucrarea este comparabilă cu Imperial Identities de Patricia M. E. Lorcin în ceea ce privește rigoarea analizei identitare, dar este actualizată pentru a evidenția rolul specific al instituțiilor religioase, nu doar al celor militare sau administrative. De asemenea, completează viziunea din An Empire of Facts de George R. Trumbull IV, mutând accentul de pe birocrație pe experiențele intime, zilnice, ale misionarilor.

Textul dezvăluie mecanismele prin care eșecul convertirii a dus la o rasializare a discursului religios, oferind o perspectivă rară asupra modului în care prejudecățile teologice s-au transformat în instrumente de control colonial. Cele 12 ilustrații incluse sprijină vizual această incursiune în arhivele misiunilor de secol XIX.

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Specificații

ISBN-13: 9780197605271
ISBN-10: 0197605273
Pagini: 304
Ilustrații: 12 black and white halftones
Dimensiuni: 236 x 162 x 24 mm
Greutate: 0.58 kg
Editura: Oxford University Press
Colecția OUP USA
Locul publicării:New York, United States

De ce să citești această carte

Această carte este esențială pentru cercetătorii istoriei coloniale și ai dialogului interreligios. Cititorul va înțelege cum s-au format rădăcinile tensiunilor actuale dintre Franța și lumea musulmană, observând tranziția de la critica teologică la rasismul sistemic. Este o lectură fundamentală pentru cei care doresc să exploreze complexitatea „misiunii civilizatoare” dincolo de discursurile politice simpliste, oferind un context istoric solid pentru dezbaterile contemporane despre laicitate.

Despre autor

Joseph W. Peterson este un istoric specializat în studiul religiei, colonialismului și al identității în spațiul francofon. Prin lucrarea Sacred Rivals, publicată de Oxford University Press, el aduce o contribuție semnificativă istoriografiei relațiilor dintre creștinism și islam. Cercetarea sa se distinge prin analiza minuțioasă a arhivelor misionare, reușind să scoată la lumină voci uitate ale clerului francez și să demonstreze cum interacțiunile de zi cu zi din Algeria colonială au modelat percepțiile moderne despre alteritate și religie în Europa.

Descriere

In 1839, the Abbé Jacques Suchet was sent to the Algerian city of Constantine, recently conquered by French forces, to minister to the new French colonial population there. He commented favorably on the Arabs' Muslim religiosity, perhaps seeing them as fertile ground for missionary work. In the mid-1870s, when the Abbé Edmond Lambert toured another colonial Algerian city, he recorded that Arabs were inherently "liars, thieves, lazy in body and spirit" and that even their seeming piety was insincere. In the space of less than forty years, some French Catholics went from viewing Muslims in Algeria as fellow religious devotees, potential converts, and allies against French secularism to viewing them as enemies of civilization. Sacred Rivals focuses on French Catholic ideas about Islam and Arab-ness-"Catholic orientalism"-in the context of religious culture wars in France and of missionary work in colonial Algeria. It examines the way the stereotype of "Islam" was used and abused in religious and political debates in French society, as well as actual missionary encounters with Muslims in Algeria, where missionaries and their potential converts came into intimate, daily contact. It reveals that, counter-intuitively, it was sometimes the most conservative Catholics who spoke most sympathetically of Muslim religiosity. "Liberal," mainstream Catholics were often quicker to denigrate Islam as backward, fanatical, and dangerously theocratic. As Catholics increasingly came to identify with France's more secular "civilizing mission," any admiration for Islam would be eclipsed by a more racialized, colonialist view of Islam. Disillusioned with the possibility of Muslim conversion and seeking an explanation for their failure, even missionaries in Algeria joined in with racially-coded attacks on "Arab" Islam. Through stories of personal encounters, Sacred Rivals exposes the ways in which religious prejudices against Muslims transformed into racial ones, as well as the ways in which Algerian Muslims adapted, used, and resisted French culture and imperialism.

Recenzii

In this engaging and insightful study, Joseph Peterson explores the myriad ways in which Catholic missionary experiences animated debates about race, civilization, and imperial ideology in nineteenth-century French Algeria. What emerges is a rich and troubling story of how lasting perceptions of Muslims and 'the Arab' were wrought in the fires of religious and political competition. Sacred Rivals is an essential book for anyone interested in the intellectual, social, and cultural history of modern empire.
Sacred Rivals renews our understanding of the Catholic-Muslim encounters during the colonization of Algeria by France in the nineteenth century. Drawing from Catholic discourses on Islam and missionary practices on the ground, Joseph W. Peterson analyzes brilliantly the shift from the admiration, by conservative Catholics, for the devout piety of Algerian Muslims to a condemnation of Islam as fanatical and inconvertible by liberal Catholics. These new exclusionary discourses and practices fed religious orientalism, the formation of modern stereotypes of Muslims as the enemies of civilization, and, above all, the racialization of Islam. This wonderful book provides us with an important genealogy of modern Islamophobia while suggesting that Catholicism had also produced earlier resources for the toleration of Islam.
This deeply researched and carefully argued book offers new insight into how a specifically 'Catholic Orientalism,' alongside and in tension with a secular state 'civilizing mission,' shaped the ideology and practice of colonial government in nineteenth-century French Algeria. Peterson reveals the surprising ways in which internal contests between conservative and liberal Catholics shaped attitudes towards missionary work, shifting over the course of the nineteenth century from an ambivalent philo-Islamism to an increasingly hostile, racialized view of Muslim fanaticism and the perceived menace of 'pan-Islamism.' It will be of great interest to scholars of religion, race, and colonialism in the French Empire and beyond it.
Weaving its argument seamlessly from the stories of colonizers and colonized in Algeria, Sacred Rivals shows how religion served to articulate and extend French imperial domination, and how colonial occupation offered resurgent Catholicism a field of action it had lost in France. Peterson argues convincingly that conservative Catholics viewed Islam more 'positively' as a model of unified religiosity France had lost; yet failing to find more than a handful of converts, they rationalized their disappointment with increasingly bitter racial and cultural generalizations about Arabs and Muslims. This is a 'social history of ideas' that will be read eagerly by scholars of French empire and the church, and more broadly by readers interested in the roots of French Islamophobia.
This is a well-researched and fascinating book that stands as a model for how to incorporate Catholic missions into colonial history.
Sacred Rivals provides a compelling read for a wide variety of potential audiences, including scholars of religion, historians of nineteenth-century France and its empire, and scholars of colonial Algeria. In particular, the work shows great facility in moving between institutions and actors in France, in Algeria, and across the Middle East.
This is a wonderfully interesting and splendidly written volume. The role that francophone Catholic missions played in the evolution of Christian-Muslim relations is of extreme importance but all too often, it has been anglophone Protestant missions to Muslim lands that have taken center stage.

Notă biografică

Joseph W. Peterson is an assistant professor of history at the University of Southern Mississippi. His writing has appeared in the Washington Post and the Los Angeles Review of Books.