Best known for his 1947 memoir L'Espece humaine, Robert Antelme (1917-1990) is a central figure in the history of the European response to the Nazi concentration camps. In this first study in any language to be devoted to Antelme's work, Martin Crowley reveals the author's vital yet insufficiently recognized influence on recent thought in France and elsewhere about such questions as the nature of community and the indivisibility of humanity. He explores the conclusions Antelme drew from his deportation and his involvement with the post-war French left, and provides the first detailed textual criticism of L'Espece humaine. Examining the responses to the author's writing by such figures as Blanchot, Perec, Agamben, Nancy and Derrida, Crowley demonstrates Antelme's key contribution to the development of modern European thought.