Ribosomes are essential protein-RNA complexes that synthesize proteins according to the gene library of the cell in all living organisms. In this book, the authors present current research in the study of the molecular structure, biological functions and implications for genetic disease of ribosomes. Topics include ribosomal alterations and immune-related illness; the role of ribosomes in mediating hypoxia response and tolerance in eukaryotes; the potential biomedical use of ribosome-inactivating proteins; coarse-graining the nano-machine ribosome to elucidate its functional dynamics; and structural aspects of ribosomal ligands interactions providing the work of the human translational machinery.