This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the First International Conference on Recent Trends in Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, RTIP2R 2016, held in Bidar, Karnataka, India, in December 2016. The 39 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 99 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on document analysis; pattern analysis and machine learning; image analysis; biomedical image analysis; biometrics.