Russia made uneven progress in democratisation during the 1990s, but this limited progress was reversed after Vladimir Putin rose to power in 1999-2000, according to many observers. During this period, the State Duma (lower legislative chamber) became dominated by government-approved parties, gubernatorial elections were abolished, and the government consolidated ownership or control over major media and industries, including the energy sector. The Putin government showed low regard for the rule of law and human rights in suppressing insurgency in the North Caucasus, according to critics. Dmitriy Medvedev, Putin's long-time protégé, was elected president in 2008; President Medvedev immediately designated Putin as prime minister and continued Putin's policies. This book discusses in further detail, the politics and economics in Putin's Russia; and provides insight on the Russian political, economic, and security issues and United States interests.