The five directors studied here embody postmodernism-the erosion of the earlier 20th century distinction between high culture and the so-called mass or popular culture that had its beginnings in the 1950s and 1960s. Comprised of repetition, pastiche, parody and homage, their postmodern films borrowed from high and low, from directors like Lean, Kurosawa, Hitchcock, Ford and Godard.