Population genetics is an important field of study across the globe. The book highlights the fundamental concepts in population genetics, elucidating the main evolutionary procedures that influence the allele frequency distribution and change. Topics like migration, mechanisms of speciation and extinction, structure and size of population, inbreeding and interbreeding have been discussed integrating distinct data methods and molecular techniques employed for detection of DNA sequence diversity in the study of genetic polymorphisms. The book also provides computational and statistical techniques which are usually used to process population genetics data and will serve as important tools for comprehending the concepts discussed. The aim of this book is to serve as a useful reference for students as well as researchers working in the domain of population genetics and associated fields like genetics, ecology, microbiology, anthropology, etc.