In physics, a plasmon is a quantum of plasma oscillation. The plasmon is a quasiparticle resulting from the quantization of plasma oscillations just as photons and phonons are quantizations of light and mechanical vibrations, respectively. In this book, the authors present current research in the study of the structure, properties and applications of plasmons. Topics discussed include plasmonic biosensors for sensitive measurements in complex biological matrices; generation of surface plasmon resonance for sub-wavelength nano-photolithography; applications of gold nanorods based on localized surface plasmon resonance; the study of living cells by infrared surface plasmon spectroscopy and interface plasmon polaritons in uniaxial bianisotropic structures.