The naturally occurring oil which is yellowish-black in color, found in the body of rocks beneath the surface of the earth is termed as petroleum. It is also known as crude oil. Petroleum science and technology is an area of study which deals with the production of hydrocarbons, crude oil and natural gas. Composition of petroleum consists of crude oil, and solid, liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons. The two main subdisciplines in petroleum engineering are oil and gas industry. They focus on maximizing the economic recovery of hydrocarbons from subsurface reservoirs. Oil and gas industry is broadly classified into upstream, midstream and downstream sectors. The exploration and production of petroleum fall under the umbrella of the upstream sector of the oil and gas industry. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of petroleum science and technology. The various advancements in this area of study are glanced at and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. For all those who are interested in this field, this book can prove to be an essential guide.