Large biomolecules which comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues are known as proteins. The sequence of amino acids in a protein is governed by the gene sequence. The sequence is encoded in the genetic code which enumerates 20 standard amino acids. Polypeptides are linear chains of amino acid residues. Every protein comprises at least one long polypeptide. Peptide bonds are responsible for bonding individual amino acid residues together. Protein science is the branch of science which deals with the function, structure and biochemical significance of proteins. It also attempts to develop an understanding about the role of proteins in molecular and cell biology, evolution and genetics. Proteins are responsible for performing a wide variety of functions which encompasses response to stimulus, DNA replication, and transportation of molecules. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of protein science. The various sub-fields of protein science along with technological progress that have future implications are glanced at herein. This book will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.