Our world today relies to an astonishing degree on systems, tools and services that belong to a vast and still growing domain known as Networking and Information Technology (NIT). The United States has a proud history of achievement and leadership in NIT and NIT underpins our national prosperity, health and security. In recent decades, NIT has boosted U.S. labour productivity more than any other set of forces. This book examines the need for the U.S. to continue to innovate more rapidly and more creatively in order to sustain and improve our quality of life. Only by continuing to invest in core NIT science and technology will we continue to reap such enormous societal benefits in the decades to come.